To address the limitations of traditional models in accurately characterizing the dynamic evolution of vehicle platoons and interactions with heterogeneous behaviors of human-driven vehicles (HDV) in mixed traffic flows, this paper proposes a hybrid traffic flow modeling framework integrating discrete motion rules and dynamic platoon evolution. First, a discrete motion safety distance model is developed to resolve the distortion problem in continuous acceleration modeling by introducing integer decision rules based on cellular spacing. Second, a platoon size transition probability matrix is constructed using Markov chains to dynamically characterize the splitting, merging, and reorganization processes of platoons. Finally, multi-scenario simulation data are employed to quantify the impact mechanisms of intra-platoon spacing, reaction time, lane-changing behavior, and platoon size on CO₂ emissions. The results indicate that: When the CAV penetration rate exceeds 0.6, platoon mode can effectively improve the operational state of mixed traffic flow, and significantly reduces CO₂ emissions, with a reduction range of 18.2% to 25.1%; Optimizing intra-platoon spacing achieves a peak emission reduction of 42.5%; Lane-changing strategies must adapt to traffic density—enhancing HDV lane-changing probability under low density can achieve carbon emission reductions, while restricting CAV lane-changing probability to 0.4~0.6 under high density; Platoon sizes of 3~5 vehicles demonstrate optimal emission reduction efficiency. This paper reveals the mechanism of queue dynamic parameters on carbon emissions, and provides theoretical support for the optimization of intelligent connected fleet cooperative control strategies and the design of low-carbon transportation systems.
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