基于文献计量的交叉口车路协同研究综述

慈玉生 ,  黄轶康

吉林大学学报(工学版) ›› 2026, Vol. 56 ›› Issue (02) : 313 -332.

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吉林大学学报(工学版) ›› 2026, Vol. 56 ›› Issue (02) : 313 -332. DOI: 10.13229/j.cnki.jdxbgxb.20240853
综述

基于文献计量的交叉口车路协同研究综述

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Overview of intersection vehicle-infrastructure integration based on bibliometrics

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摘要

为了解交叉口车路协同领域的研究现状及未来研究热点,以Web of Science和CNKI数据库作为数据源,检索了2000年1月至2024年9月的427篇核心期刊文献。通过文献计量分析,从发文趋势、文献来源和关键词共词分析等角度进行了统计和可视化。统计结果显示,近年来此领域的发文数量呈增长趋势,且样本文献具有较强的代表性。关键词共现分析表明,此领域的研究方向主要包括交叉口管控、路径与速度引导、信号-车辆协同优化、建模与仿真、多车交互安全、单一车辆安全、弱势道路使用者安全、网络通信和路侧感知。对以上研究方向的发展脉络以及具体方法进行了梳理和总结,并基于此展望了交叉口车路协同领域的未来研究热点。

Abstract

To understand the research status and future research hotspots in the field of vehicle-infrastructure integration at intersections, the Web of Science and CNKI databases were used as data sources to retrieve core journal articles from January 2000 to September 2024, totaling 427 articles. Through bibliometric analysis, statistics and visualization were performed from the perspectives of publication trends, literature sources, and keyword co-word analysis. The statistical results show that the number of publications in this field has been increasing in recent years, and the sample documents are highly representative. Keyword co-occurrence analysis shows that the research directions in this field mainly include intersection control, path and speed guidance, signal-vehicle collaborative optimization, modeling and simulation, multi-vehicle interaction safety, single vehicle safety, vulnerable road user safety, network communication, and roadside perception. The development context and specific methods of the above research directions were sorted out and summarized, and based on this, the future research hotspots in the field of intersection vehicle-infrastructure integration were prospected.

Graphical abstract

关键词

交通运输系统工程 / 车路协同 / 文献计量 / 交叉口 / 可视化分析

Key words

engineering of communication and transportation system / vehicle-infrastructure integration / bibliometrics / intersection / visual analysis

引用本文

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慈玉生,黄轶康. 基于文献计量的交叉口车路协同研究综述[J]. 吉林大学学报(工学版), 2026, 56(02): 313-332 DOI:10.13229/j.cnki.jdxbgxb.20240853

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0 引 言

随着汽车保有量的不断增加,交通拥堵和道路安全问题日益突出。交叉口作为交通网络的重要组成部分,其交通运行环境复杂。由于交叉口具有交通流密度大、冲突点多、不确定性高等特点,成为了改善交通运行环境的关键瓶颈之一。据统计,交叉口延误占总路网延误的80%以上1,且30%以上的交通事故发生在交叉口及其附近2

随着通信和控制技术的不断发展,自动驾驶技术已成为解决道路交通问题的有效途径之一。单车智能和车路协同技术作为实现自动驾驶的两种手段,受到国内外学者的关注。近年来,自动驾驶事故偶有发生,单车智能过分依赖车载传感器进行环境感知的缺陷日益显现,而车路协同为弥补这些缺陷提供了新的思路。“十四五”规划中也强调了车路协同的战略意义,并提出了“单车智能+车路协同”并行的战略,以构建更为可靠的自动驾驶场景3。因此,了解交叉口车路协同领域的研究现状,分析未来的发展趋势具有重要意义。

近年来,学者们对交叉口场景下的车路协同研究进行了总结和回顾。Chen等4总结了车路协同环境下信号交叉口和无信号交叉口的管控方法,并强调了通信效率的重要性。Rios-Torres等5综述了2017年之前智能网联汽车(Connected and automated vehicle, CAV)在交叉口以及高速公路合流区的控制策略研究,指出高计算负载是车辆控制的一大限制因素。Namazi等6综述了2008~2019年智能网联环境下交叉口管理系统的主要研究,确定了基于规则、优化、混合和机器学习的4类主要方法,并强调了关注人工驾驶车辆(Human driven vehicle, HDV)的现实意义。Hu等7从感知技术、通信技术和感知-通信融合技术3个方面总结了交叉口处CAV冲突识别研究,并分析了不同感知技术存在的问题。Wu等8回顾了不同CAV渗透率下的交叉口控制策略,指出了实地测试和提高算法稳定性的重要性。孙立山等9从单交叉口和多交叉口两方面归纳了当前交叉口车路协同控制方法,并指出了人机过渡阶段协同控制研究的紧迫性。杨晓光等10总结了面向预约出行的车路协同交通控制技术,强调了这些技术对于构建主动服务型城市的重要价值。

然而,目前关于交叉口车路协同领域的研究综述多集中于特定方向,主要侧重于提升交叉口通行效率,因此亟需从总体研究领域出发,对该领域的研究现状进行全面总结。此外,此领域的研究综述很少采用文献计量方法,通过文献计量手段,可以可视化展示当前的研究现状及未来发展趋势,为科研人员提供更直观的参考。

1 数据来源与研究方法

1.1 数据来源

检索Web of Science (WOS)核心集和中国知网(CNKI)核心期刊,筛选2000年1月至2024年9月发表的关于交叉口车路协同的文献。在WOS核心集中,以TS=((Intersection OR crossroad OR crossing OR junction) AND ("vehicle road coordinat*" OR V2X OR "vehicle to everything" OR "vehicle to x" OR V2I OR "vehicle to infrastructure" OR vehicle-to-infrastructure OR "vehicle road integration" OR "vehicle infrastructure cooperat*" OR VICS))作为检索条件,并选择文献类型为期刊。在CNKI中,以主题=(交叉口*(车路协同+V2X+V2I+车路一体化+IVICS))作为检索条件,并选择来源类别为核心期刊。

在WOS核心集中检索得到438篇文献,在CNKI数据库中检索得到74篇文献。根据内容过滤与本研究领域不一致的文献,最终得到427篇文献,其中WOS文献为353篇、CNKI文献为74篇。

1.2 研究方法

通过文献计量对所筛选出的文献进行统计分析;采用关键词的共词分析法,总结交叉口车路协同的研究热点和发展趋势11。本文使用Co-Occurrence软件进行文献计量,并运用Gephi软件进行可视化12,在本文中用于分析关键词的共现情况。

Gephi通过Louvain社区发现算法将网络中若干个联系紧密的节点组成社区。该算法通过模块度评价社区划分的优劣,模块度越大,社区内部节点相似度越高。系统将各个节点视为单一社区,依次合并相邻节点,并计算最大的模块度增量。若增量大于0,则将节点划分至目标节点所在社区,逐步迭代直至社区划分稳定。模块度的定义如式(1)~(4)所示13

m=12i,jAij
ki=jAij
δu,v=1,u=v0,其他
Q=12mi,j[Aij-kikj2m]δci,cj

式中:Aij为节点i与节点j之间边的权重;m为网络中所有边的权重之和;ki为所有与节点i相连的边的权重之和;ci为节点i所在的社区;Q为当前社区划分方法的模块度值。

通过Gephi生成关键词共现图后,利用模块化功能将节点分为若干社区。每个社区代表当前的研究热点,从而使可视化结果更加清晰。

2 交叉口车路协同领域发文态势

2.1 发文年份

基于2024年1月至9月的发文数量,假设其均匀分布,预测2024年全年的发文数量,并绘制历年交叉口车路协同领域的发文数量分布图,如图1所示。车路协同计划提出较早,如2005年美国的车路协同系统(Vehicle Infrastructure Integration,VII)和日本的Smartway计划等。然而,由于技术认知和无线通信等技术的限制,车路协同技术在2010年后才出现井喷式发展。检索结果显示,2010年以前满足要求的文献仅有5篇。由图1可知,两个数据库收录的交叉口车路协同领域年度发文数整体呈增长趋势。2015年之前,国内外发文数量均在10篇以下,增长趋势不明显,在2018年后,年度总发文数量均在35篇以上,并呈快速增长态势,说明交叉口车路协同领域的研究已初具规模,且逐渐受到研究人员的关注。

2.2 期刊分析

对427篇文献的期刊来源进行统计分析,列出两个数据库中发文数量最多的5种期刊,如表1表2所示。WOS数据库中的5种期刊占所有国际期刊文章总数的37.11%,CNKI数据库中的5种期刊占所有国内文献数量的37.84%。

由国内外期刊发文数量前5的汇总表可知,从两个数据库中获取的样本文献均具有可靠性和权威性,能较好地代表交叉口车路协同领域的研究进展。

3 总体研究方向

3.1 关键词共现图

对两个数据库中的427篇文献进行关键词共现分析。翻译并合并同义词后,筛选频次大于等于2的关键词,制作关键词共现矩阵,并导入Gephi生成关键词共现图,如图2所示。该图包含116个节点和738条弧线。此关键词共现图中,度最大的节点是“车路协同”,它与其他节点联系紧密,表明关键词共现结果与研究主题高度一致。

因为关键词能体现文章的研究方向,所以模块化处理后可以更好地区分不同的研究方向。在Gephi中,解析度是模块化的控制参数,解析度越小,社区越多。通过调整解析度,使社区数量适中,最终得到9个联系紧密的关键词社区,模块度值为0.518,社区结构较好14

3.2 研究方向汇总

根据关键词并结合具体文献,概括出每个社区的主题,得到9个研究方向,如图3所示。可以将研究方向分为效率、安全和通信与感知三大类:①交通效率类包含交叉口管控、路径与速度引导、信号-车辆协同优化和建模与仿真4个方向;②交通安全类包含多车交互安全、单一车辆安全以及弱势道路使用者安全3个方向;③通信与感知类包含网络通信和路侧感知2个方向。

4 交通效率研究方向

4.1 交叉口管控

交叉口管控领域的研究主要包括交叉口信号控制和自主交叉口管理(Autonomous intersection management,AIM)系统两部分。交叉口信号控制主要针对混合交通流环境下的人工驾驶车辆,而AIM则更侧重于高市场渗透率环境下的网联自动驾驶车辆。

4.1.1 交叉口信号控制

交叉口信号控制是交叉口车路协同领域的长期研究热点,并将在未来的理论研究和实际应用中占据主导地位。关键词频次统计显示,“信号控制”出现59次,“信号交叉口”出现38次。

与传统交通调查手段和车辆检测设备不同,车路协同可以通过无线通信技术实时获取CAV的运行状况,为交叉口信号优化提供更精准和多元的数据输入。车路协同环境下,可以直接获取CAV的位置、速度、加速度15、燃油特性16以及轨迹1718等数据,并通过这些数据预测实时交通量19和排队长度20等,为控制决策提供更多数据支撑。

不断优化算法可以提升信号控制的准确性和效率。在信号优化的算法框架层面,主要通过选取适当的评价指标,如延误、排队长度、能耗等,对相位时长和相序等参数进行优化。优化算法的求解方法主要可以分为精确解法、数值解法、启发式算法、机器学习算法以及模型预测方法5种,如表3所示。

(1)精确解法适用于模型较为简单或控制参数较为固定等情况,常采用穷举法21、整数线性规划的分支定界法22等,但此方法要求模型简单或控制参数取值固定,同时难以保证求解效率。

(2)数值解法的求解效率相对较高,但可能出现局部最优,通常采用迭代的方式逐步寻优,如迭代网格搜索法16等。

(3)启发式算法是一种搜寻可行解的仿自然体算法,能够快速找到相对较好的结果,如遗传算法23、免疫遗传算法24和智能树搜索算法25等,但可能陷入局部最优,并显著依赖于人工参数调优。

(4)机器学习算法中的强化学习方法已广泛应用于信号控制2627,能够在与交叉口交互的过程中学习最优控制参数,但是存在可解释性不足的缺陷。

(5)模型预测方法又称滚动时域优化方法151828,通过简单的模型预测未来系统状态,选择最佳策略。因此,基于模型预测方法的交叉口信号优化需要构建交叉口交通预测模型,这在一定程度上限制了该方法的适用性。

为了进一步提升总体通行效率,可以利用无线通信实现交叉口之间的实时交通信息共享,从而实现多交叉口信号协同控制。一些研究人员从干线角度出发进行信号优化,最大化干线的绿波带宽度29,提出了面向车队的干线协调控制30。在路网层面,研究人员提出了竞争-合作的信号交叉口群体决策机制,不仅提升了单一信号交叉口的通行效率,还兼顾了整个路网的协同利益31。为缓解网络带宽限制对信号优化的影响,提出了两阶段分布式信号优化架构:首先,本地计算机预测排队长度;其次,中央处理器同步优化相位差、绿信比和周期长度32。此外,为满足行人过街需求,有学者提出将粒子群算法与遗传算法相结合,形成并行混合遗传算法,以最大化人车流出量为目标,快速求解双目标优化问题,实现路网整体信号优化33

对紧急车辆和公交车辆实施优先控制,可以显著提高紧急事件处理效率和公交服务水平,而信号优先是主要方式。通过车辆到基础设施(Vehicle-to-infrastructure,V2I)通信,在优先车辆(如应急车辆、公交车辆、商用卡车等)进入交叉口前发送优先请求,信号控制端提前优化信号以提高优先车辆的运行效率。2001年Mirchandani等34提出了针对公交车的RHODES交通自适应信号控制系统,在公交优先的信号控制中依照乘客数量和晚点情况实时调整公交车的权重,开创了基于车路协同的公交优先系统研究的先河。算法不断优化,研究人员从多优先请求协调35、公交车到达时间预测36和公交站点影响37等方面不断提升算法的有效性。同时,学者们还提出了借助通信技术传递优先请求38,以实现多交叉口的优先。

总体而言,车路协同环境为信号控制提供了更丰富且精准的交通数据输入,不仅优化了单一交叉口信号,还能协同多个交叉口,并有助于实现车辆的主动优先控制。然而,在信号优化算法的适用性方面,应进一步考虑高峰时期或过饱和情况下的交通流状况15-38。同时,多交叉口信号的协同优化能够进一步提升路网通行效率。然而,计算复杂度和网络传输带宽等因素逐渐成为限制协同控制策略研究的主要障碍29-33。为此,可以考虑将启发式算法与分布式系统架构相结合,探索可行的路网信号优化方法。

4.1.2 自主交叉口管理系统

在车路协同环境下,无信号交叉口的AIM系统可以优化时空资源分配,从而提升交叉口的通行效率。AIM系统也是交叉口管控领域的研究热点之一,在样本文献关键词中,“交叉口管理”出现了33次,“无信号交叉口”出现了25次。

AIM系统可以在车辆进入交叉口前确定速度轨迹。根据组织架构,现有研究分为集中式、分布式和混合式3种,如表4所示。

(1)集中式:这是当前AIM系统最为主流的组织架构。车辆在靠近交叉口时向控制中心发送请求,控制中心协调并发送通过决策,车辆需要严格按照控制中心决策通行。学者们基于时间窗3940、冲突41等理论,提出了时空资源预约42-45、虚拟货币交易46和通行顺序拍卖47等车辆协调方法48。虽然集中式系统能确保整体最优,但计算量大、系统稳定性弱。

(2)分布式:不依赖于交叉口控制中心,强调车辆之间的自主协调,确定通过顺序。学者们提出了交叉口通行权协商49、车辆互斥竞争50、博弈论车辆优先51和轨迹无碰撞优化等方法5253。分布式AIM系统计算效率高、鲁棒性高,局部故障或网络攻击不会导致交叉口瘫痪,但是对车辆到车辆(Vehicle-to-vehicle,V2V)通信质量要求高。

(3)混合式:结合了集中式和分布式的优点,控制中心优化全局,同时给予车辆一定的自主性。学者们提出了车辆集群分层式控制54、分层模型预测控制55等方法。

AIM系统的常规研究场景是智能网联环境下的独立交叉口,但也有学者研究非常规场景,如多交叉口的共识算法56、律动控制5758等。为应对未来CAV与HDV共存的混合交通流,研究开始考虑混合交通流的AIM系统,并引入人机交互界面实现路权协商5960。同时,一些学者提出将行人信号融入AIM,进一步放宽研究假设6162

总之,AIM系统能优化无信号交叉口时空资源分配,实现更细颗粒度的车辆管控。然而,目前研究多集中于完全自动驾驶环境,混合交通流状况下的AIM系统研究仍需进一步深入39-586162。在这种情况下,CAV与HDV之间的决策交互将成为难点。尽管人机交互界面的引入逐步受到认可,但人类驾驶员的服从性和驾驶行为差异仍需深入探讨5960

4.2 路径与速度引导

在车路协同环境下,为提升交叉口的通行效率,车辆端的研究主要分为宏观和微观两个层面。宏观层面关注路径规划,考虑交叉口和其他车辆的影响;微观层面则通过车速引导优化延误和油耗等指标。

4.2.1 路径规划

路径规划基于交通出行量(Origin-destination)和路网信息,求解车辆的最优路径,而车路协同能够为车辆提供实时交通数据,确保路径在时空维度上的最优。“路径规划”是当前的研究热点,在所有文献关键词中出现频率为12次。车路协同环境下的路径规划方法不断优化,主要分为3类:图搜索算法、启发式算法和融合算法。

(1)图搜索算法:将交通网络建模为图,节点代表交叉口,边代表路段,考虑交叉口延误、交通拥堵、能量回收等因素,遍历整个图,最终得到最优路径。基于此,学者们引入了超路径63等算法,这类算法能够确保路径最优,但计算复杂度较高,时效性较难保证。

(2)启发式算法:受自然界生命体行为启发,学者们提出了一系列启发式算法。这些算法用于求解优化问题,能够提高搜索效率,因此适用于路径规划,但不能确保获得最优路径,如多智能体蚁群算法64和基于蜜蜂觅食行为的BeeJamA全局路径优化算法65等。

(3)融合算法:结合了图搜索算法的确定性和启发式算法的高效性。如A*及其一系列衍生算法66-68,在图搜索的基础上引入了启发函数,从而提高了搜索效率。

目前,车辆路径规划研究并未考虑非机动车和行人等随机因素对车辆行驶时间的影响63-68,需要进一步探讨以提高路径规划的精确性。

4.2.2 车速引导

在车路协同环境下,可以根据车辆与信号交叉口的实时状态,实现车速引导,从而提高交叉口通行效率。“车速引导”在总体文献关键词中出现的频次较高,为 54次。根据引导车辆的数量,可以将此方向的研究分为单车引导和多车引导两类。

单车引导研究通常针对单一车辆。系统将信号灯和车辆状态作为输入,考虑交叉口排队69-72、驾驶员行为73-76以及不同车辆类型77-79等因素,将行程时间、能耗、排放作为评价指标,为车辆提供绿灯最佳速度咨询(Green light optimal speed advisory,GLOSA)实现速度引导。CAV能够很好地跟踪车速引导系统生成的速度曲线,因此是相关研究的重要组成部分。学者们提出了超车变道的生态驾驶车速引导决策80、考虑能量回收的电动汽车速度规划系统81、混合交通流状况下基于有限信息的强化学习CAV车速优化82以及基于实时排队长度预测的生态驾驶算法72等。现阶段,面向HDV的车速引导研究更具现实意义,学者们也从驾驶员遵从性74、驾驶员对人机界面的响应行为75、驾驶员驾驶风格76等方面进行了研究,进一步补充了单车车速引导领域HDV研究的空白。为提升道路网整体通行能力,学者们也探讨了通过车速引导实现干线协调83

在车路协同环境下,通过多车引导可以重新组织交叉口附近的车辆,从而进一步提升交叉口的吞吐量。学者们提出了车辆在进入交叉口前,按照信号相位、车头时距等参数确定车辆能否跟车通过交叉口进而重组车队,最后将车队视为整体进行车速引导84-88。混合交通环境下,学者们提出了将CAV作为HDV车队头车89-91,或者借助CAV向HDV提供速度建议92等方式实现混合交通流的速度引导。

基于车路协同的车速引导最早由Malakorn等93于2010年提出,此后研究不断深入,如图4所示。现有研究多集中于单车引导,而复杂环境下的多车速度优化仍有待深入,特别是混合交通流状况下CAV与HDV的车速协同优化。部分学者也研究了针对HDV的车速引导,但在驾驶员行为差异性建模方面仍不够完善。例如,不同驾驶员对车速引导信息的服从程度差异依旧有待进一步探讨73-76。此外,路径与速度引导的研究尚未实现有机结合,然而从宏观与微观两个角度实现精准引导,有望进一步提高交通效率。

4.3 信号-车辆协同优化

为进一步提升交叉口通行效率并降低能耗与排放,交叉口信号与车辆协同控制展现了单独优化所不具备的优势。通过信号与车辆控制分别协调HDV与CAV,能够很好地处理不同市场渗透率的状况。此研究方向的文献总数为38篇。

Rakha等94最先于2011年开始研究车路协同环境下的信号配时方案优化,并求解非线性优化问题以调整车辆轨迹,开创了信号-车辆协同优化研究的先河。此后的优化方法可以分为基于方案和基于优化两大类。

(1)基于方案的协同优化控制:系统根据信号与车辆状态,选择信号控制参数和车辆速度调整方案。学者们将此方法应用于公交车辆9596、紧急车辆97等,提升了公交准点率以及紧急车辆的通行效率。基于方案的方法具有决策简单、求解高效等优势,但可能无法产生最优信号与车速方案。

(2)基于优化的协同优化控制:随着信号交叉口与车辆模型逐步完善,学者们提出了基于优化的方法,将信号-车辆协同优化转化为目标优化问题。按照信号优化与车辆轨迹优化的先后顺序,可以进一步分为分阶段优化和同步优化两类:分阶段优化首先获取交通状况后以最小化车辆延误为目标优化信号配时,随后车辆根据交叉口信号实现车辆速度轨迹优化,以最小化能耗和排放98,学者们先后提出遗传算法信号优化与“三段式”轨迹优化相结合99、基于协同理论的主动伺服控制原理100求解分阶段优化问题,但是优化结果存在滞后性缺陷;同步优化将信号控制与车辆引导放到一个目标函数中同步求解,面向单一交叉口学者们提出了信号配时和车辆到达时间同步优化101-103、交通流动性和能源消耗双目标优化104、多智能体强化学习优化105以及面向车队协作生态驾驶优化106等方法,并提出了相位差和绿波速度优化方法107-109以处理干线或区域多交叉口的协同优化问题。

目前,基于方案的协同优化算法虽能保证求解时效性,但由于其相对固定的决策空间,难以确保求得最优解95-97。基于优化的方法虽能求得最优解,但需要对交叉口以及车辆精确建模,并且求解时效性将受到模型复杂度的影响98-109。因此,未来的研究应致力于引入更高效的优化算法,结合实时数据处理技术,提升模型的适用性和求解效率。同时,探索混合优化方法,将基于方案和基于优化的方法有机结合,以兼顾求解效率和最优性,从而进一步提升交叉口乃至路网的通行效率。

4.4 建模与仿真

为深入研究交叉口车路协同,模型和仿真的研究是基础性工作。此方向的研究成果可分为软件仿真建模和硬件仿真测试两部分。

(1)软件仿真建模:由于其灵活性强、成本低,软件仿真建模成为车路协同研究的主要验证手段。优化相关模型可以更好地揭示车路协同环境下交叉口的交通运行规律,从而提升仿真的真实性。杨帆等110于2012年提出了交叉口处车路协同的多智能体交通微观仿真模型,此后建模研究不断深入。从宏观角度,学者们提出了车路协同环境下的交叉口的交通波运动学模型;从微观角度,提出了基于车路协同的交叉口车辆跟驰模型111,并考虑了驾驶员对引导信息的响应112、多车协同车速引导113等因素。此外,为预测交叉口排队长度及排队消散时间,提出了交叉口处的车辆排队行为模型114115

(2)硬件仿真测试:为更好地还原实际道路情况,提升仿真精度,提出了硬件仿真测试。实地测试最为直接精确,2010年,杨晓光等116首次建立了交叉口车路协同实验系统。由于实地测试高昂的成本,学者们开始尝试新的仿真方式,引入了硬件在环仿真117-120和微型智能车硬件仿真等仿真平台121,在保证仿真精度的同时,降低了成本。

目前的建模与仿真手段依旧存在局限性,尽管软件仿真和硬件仿真能够模拟复杂的交通环境,但与实际道路情况仍存在差距,无法充分考虑路面状况等不确定因素,特别是在处理突发事件和异常交通行为时,仿真结果的准确性和可靠性有待提高。同时,建模与仿真显著依赖于大量的现实交通数据,但在当前的人工驾驶环境下,获取车路协同相关数据的途径仍十分有限。随着车路协同技术的逐步落地,建模与仿真手段将不断优化,从而进一步推动相关研究的发展。

5 交通安全研究方向

交通安全是一切智能交通研究的出发点,也是交叉口车路协同领域的重要研究方向之一。按照涉及交通个体的数量和类型,交通安全研究可分为多车交互安全、单一车辆安全和弱势道路使用者(Vulnerable road users, VRU)安全3类,具体分类如表5所示。

5.1 多车交互安全研究

从多车交互角度出发,相关成果可分为交叉口整体安全研究和碰撞预警与避免系统研究两方面。样本文献中“碰撞预警”关键词出现频次为24次,排名靠前。

交叉口整体安全研究旨在从宏观角度优化并评价整体交通安全,优化交叉口处的车路协同系统框架能够提升整体交通安全。鉴于现有交叉口安全研究中V2V和V2I联系不够紧密,学者们提出了结合V2V和V2I的CAV集成控制系统122,并为克服数据丢失问题提出了基于实时数据库的协作交叉口防撞持续系统123。智能网联环境可以为交叉口安全评价提供足够的实时数据,Hu等124提出了基于短期交通数据的深度学习交叉口风险水平预测方法,缩短了安全评价所需的数据时间跨度。

碰撞预警与避免系统研究按照系统被控对象不同分为面向驾驶员的碰撞预警系统以及面向车辆的碰撞避免系统。

(1)碰撞预警系统:为实现碰撞预警,学者们提出了借助固定交通传感器获取实时交通数据125,并引入了车辆状态演化126、车辆轨迹外推127、两级冗余碰撞检测128等方法识别潜在碰撞;还探究了碰撞预警系统效果的影响因素,如不同的驾驶员驾驶特性129、市场渗透率130等,并分析了系统层面的可靠性131

(2)碰撞避免系统:当驾驶员无法对碰撞预警做出正确反应时,车辆端碰撞避免系统介入,提出了车辆自主紧急避碰控制方法132,并融合了路面状况以及车辆动态特性133

对于碰撞预警与避免系统的研究,由于缺乏驾驶员行为数据,很难准确建模驾驶员的注意力和反应时间,因此需要提出更具针对性的个性化碰撞预警策略125-131。同时,现有研究中车载传感器与路侧传感器之间的数据融合与共享机制尚不明确,考虑多传感器融合的碰撞预警与避免系统有待进一步探讨。

5.2 单一车辆安全研究

单一车辆安全不考虑当前车与其他车辆之间的时空关系,可以分为两难区决策支持和避免车辆闯红灯两类。其研究历程如图5所示。

(1)两难区决策支持:在黄灯亮起之前,驾驶员在选择减速停车或继续通过时,常会犹豫不决,这样的区域被称为信号交叉口两难区,给道路交通带来了巨大的安全隐患。2002年,Moon134就开始研究车路协同环境下的两难区安全,开发了车载两难区决策支持系统,并于2003年进行了实地测试135。为缓解两难区问题,学者们提出了考虑车速引导的高级停车辅助方法136、将车速引导和动态绿灯黄灯时间相结合的车辆-信号协同优化方法137,以及基于规则的决策支持系统138等方法,有效缓解了交叉口处的安全隐患。

(2)避免车辆闯红灯:从车辆和信号灯两个角度出发,避免车辆闯红灯也是提升交叉口安全的有效手段。Zhang等139于2009年通过两个离散点传感器估计到达时间,首次提出了基于闯红灯行为预测的交叉口安全辅助系统;也有学者借助仿真对闯红灯预警的安全效益进行了评价140。通过网联车辆数据预测车辆闯红灯行为,并通过信号灯全红扩展等方法,实现了基于信号灯的闯红灯避免方法141

此研究方向还有望从以下方面进一步完善:首先,目前的研究主要集中在车辆的纵向控制,未充分考虑交叉口处车辆的换道行为134-141,因此可以在研究中增加对车辆横向引导的探讨,以提升整体交通安全性和流畅性。其次,两难区的范围与驾驶行为密切相关,每辆车的两难区可能有所不同,因此需要进一步研究和讨论如何根据不同驾驶员的行为特性,确定个性化的两难区范围,从而提高决策支持系统的准确性和有效性。

5.3 弱势道路使用者安全研究

弱势道路使用者包含行人、非机动车驾驶员等,他们的参与可能增加交叉口处发生伤亡事故的可能性。为考虑道路的实际情况,学者们对VRU安全的研究不断深入,相关文献数量为11篇。

为改善VRU安全现状,学者们展开了基于感知增强的主动安全方法研究。借助路侧与车载设备,实现行人或自行车的融合目标检测算法,为驾驶员显示实时位置142,并预测轨迹与意图143144,识别冲突后对两者采取安全预警措施145146,以保证VRU的安全。

然而,目前VRU安全研究尚未充分考虑恶劣天气等特殊状况对传感器检测精度的影响,系统的可靠性和稳定性仍需进一步验证和提升,因此有待进一步优化142-146

6 通信与感知研究方向

6.1 网络通信

交叉口车路协同研究中,网络通信是必不可少的,网络通信的高效性和可靠性受到了学者们的关注,主要研究内容围绕通信手段与协议优化,并兼顾交叉口处的网络安全问题。学者们明确了数据传输速率、可靠性等通信指标对交叉口效率与安全的影响机理,强调了优化网络通信的重要性147148

为实现交叉口与车辆的数据可靠传输,学者们提出了基于贪婪策略的数据传输路由协议149,以及支持车辆集群与相邻交叉口多跳连接的分布式交互协议150等,并探讨了车辆密度和建筑物等因素对通信质量的影响151。为进一步提升通信效率,近些年学者们引入了可见光通信作为传统无线通信的补充方式,利用四色白色光源的道路照明和车辆前灯等设备,在提供必要照明的同时实现交叉口处数据传输152153

由于交叉口车流量大、网络通信频繁,交叉口成为网络攻击的主要目标。学者们提出了应对恶意CAV欺骗性攻击手段的策略154,并借助区块链的不可篡改特性进一步阻止对V2I应用程序的网络攻击155156

目前的研究尚未充分考虑各种通信方式的干扰因素147-156,如周围树木等障碍物对无线通信的影响,以及其他光源对可见光通信的干扰等。同时,现有的通信方式各具传播特性与适用范围,构建一种融合多种通信方式的集成网络通信手段,有望满足交叉口处多样化的通信需求,从而提升车路协同系统的可靠性和可拓展性。

6.2 路侧感知

路侧设备(Road side unit,RSU)是车路协同系统的重要组成部分。交叉口处RSU相关研究主要从感知框架和RSU布局两方面展开。

(1)感知框架:RSU能够增强网联车辆的环境感知能力。基于此,学者们提出了RSU与车载传感器相结合的环境感知框架157-159

(2)RSU布局:合理的RSU布局能够在满足覆盖的同时尽可能降低成本。宏观层面,使用启发式算法选择合适的交叉口部署RSU160;微观层面,明确了RSU布局对车辆与信号控制影响161,提出了考虑事件概率的最小化通信延迟RSU布局方法162,并探索了交叉口鸟瞰视角感知设备应用于交叉口车辆控制的可行性163,且考虑了鸟瞰视角感知设备的冗余布局164

为确保车路协同环境下交叉口处RSU感知的可靠性,有必要优化RSU与车载传感器的协同工作模式157-159,并探索多源感知数据融合技术。同时,还需从RSU冗余布局的角度进行深入研究164,评估其可靠性和经济性。这些研究将有助于从感知层面,提升车路协同系统的整体稳定性和效率。

7 未来研究热点分析

7.1 深入研究长期热点

信号交叉口控制、车速引导相关研究一直占据着交叉口车路协同领域研究的重要地位。

(1)车路协同环境为信号控制策略的发展提供了前所未有的机遇。随着算法和计算能力的进步,考虑了多种算法和实际情况,信号控制的效率和准确性不断提高。然而,已有文献并未对过饱和交通流等特殊情况展开研究。同时,多交叉口信号的协同控制方法受限于计算复杂度和网络传输带宽等因素,将启发式算法与分布式系统架构相结合的协同优化方法有望成为有效手段。

(2)车速引导可以有效优化车辆速度轨迹,减少交叉口处的停车次数,提升乘客舒适性和车辆能源效益。目前的研究中,多车协同引导通常通过CAV作为HDV头车的混合车队引导方式。然而,由于HDV跟车行为的差异,车队控制存在一定困难。为此,可以尝试通过人机交互界面或CAV在相邻车道同步行驶等新方式,实现更高效的协同优化。同时,针对HDV车速引导,并未充分考虑驾驶员反应和行为差异,因此个性化车速引导方案有待深入研究。

7.2 发现研究新趋势

自主交叉口管理系统、动态路径规划、通信与感知相关研究成为新趋势。

(1)车路协同环境下,AIM系统能够实现无信号交叉口处更为细颗粒度的车辆管控,从而充分利用时空资源。混合式AIM系统较分布式和集中式而言,能够更好地平衡计算效率、鲁棒性和通信质量要求,有望成为重点研究方向。同时,混合交通流状况下的AIM系统研究仍有待进一步深入,引入人机交互界面有望辅助人类驾驶员获取CAV决策状态。

(2)在车路协同环境下,车辆路径规划考虑了实时信号状态、道路交通状况等要素,能够实现路径实时最优,因此成为了交叉口车路协同领域的研究热点。从系统层面出发,对路网中的所有车辆进行路径规划,有望实现路网整体效益最大化。同时,将路径规划与车速引导相结合,实现车辆全局引导,能够进一步提升车辆通行效率。

(3)为实现车路协同技术的落地,通信与感知是不可或缺的关键环节。可靠、精准且高效的通信与感知技术是此方向研究的目标。考虑多种通信方式以及多种感知手段相集成的通信与感知体系,能够同时发挥多种方式的优势,进而提升车路协同系统的可靠性和有效性,因此有望成为此研究方向的新热点。

7.3 进一步研究交叉口交通安全

整体上看,交叉口交通安全依旧有待进一步深入研究。相对于效率类研究成果,交叉口交通安全的研究成果数量较少。交通安全是车路协同系统的出发点,有必要将其作为交叉口车路协同领域研究的重点。目前,针对HDV的交叉口安全研究尚未充分考虑不同驾驶员的行为特征,可以探讨更具针对性的个性化交通安全保障措施,如个性化碰撞预警策略、个性化的两难区范围等。

8 结 论

(1)近年来的发文数量整体呈指数型增长,说明交叉口车路协同研究正处于快速发展阶段。

(2)从样本文献来源出发,样本文献具有可靠性和权威性,能较好地代表交叉口车路协同领域的整体研究历程。

(3)通过关键词聚类分析,得出交叉口车路协同领域研究主要分为9个研究方向:交叉口管控、路径与速度引导、信号-车辆协同优化、建模与仿真、多车交互安全、单一车辆安全、弱势道路使用者安全、网络通信和路侧感知。对各个研究方向的发展历程和具体方法进行了梳理,并初步比较了不同研究方法的优缺点。

(4)基于发文年份及研究内容,展望了未来研究方向。信号交叉口控制、车速引导研究作为长期的研究热点,将继续深入。自主交叉口管理系统、动态路径规划、通信与感知相关研究起步相对较晚,但已成为新趋势。同时,交通安全方向的研究也不容忽视,有待进一步深入。

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基金资助

国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFB2603505)

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