To address the issues of insufficient resolution, signal overlap, and reduced signal-to-noise ratio that existing Ground Penetrating Radar(GPR) technology still faces in multi-layer dense rebar scenarios, a multi-layer rebar detection method based on spread spectrum and polarization gain compensation is proposed. The proposed approach optimizes the spread spectrum technique to effectively mitigate the issues of frequency discontinuities and information loss during data fusion. Additionally, it leverages the electromagnetic reflective properties of metal and the amplification mechanism of polarization reversal to enhance the intensity of rebar reflection signals, thereby significantly improving detection performance. The numerical simulation results obtained using CST demonstrate that the polarization deflection characteristics of metal reflection signals can significantly enhance the SNR of rebar reflections in echo signals. The polarization matching transmission efficiency can be improved by up to approximately 20 dB. Additionally, simulations and post-processing analyses were performed on GPR data before and after spectrum expansion using gprMax. The results demonstrate that the GPR frequency expansion technique proposed in this study effectively enhances distance resolution, resolves the issue of overlapping reflection signals from closely spaced double-layered rebars, and successfully achieves their independent localization, with a maximum error of only 5.25%. In addition, the robustness analysis under multiple SNR conditions is also carried out in this paper to further validate the applicability and reliability of the method in complex practical environments.
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