To investigate the deformation mechanisms of subgrade in cold regions under hydro-thermal coupling effects, this study focuses on the TQ-Yichun section (62.44 km) of the G1111 He-ha Expressway. A two-dimensional coupled hydro-thermal migration model was developed to analyze the interactions among temperature fields, moisture fields, and deformation fields during freeze-thaw cycles. Based on the theory of phase change heat transfer and non-isothermal moisture migration, Abaqus software was used for simulation and analysis, and nine integrated monitoring points were deployed along the roadway cross-section at a spacing of 1.25 m to quantify the deformation characteristics of the surface layer of the roadway in the freezing and thawing stages. Key findings include: The maximum frost heave displacement at the subgrade surface during freezing periods reached 8.48 mm, with cross-sectional deformation exhibiting a parabolic distribution. The thaw settlement rate in spring (March-May, 0.12 mm/day) was significantly higher than the frost heave rate during freezing periods (0.07 mm/day), with frost heave rates between November-January surpassing those of January-February by 18.7%. Vertical deformation extremes showed a negative correlation with geothermal gradients. By introducing dynamic ice-water phase-change correction coefficients, the study improves simulation accuracy and proposes a predictive model for subgrade deformation. These results provide critical insights for optimizing frost-resistant designs in cold-region road engineering, particularly in determining interfacial heat transfer coefficients and insulation layer thickness. The research establishes a theoretical foundation for mitigating subgrade deformation and controlling freeze-thaw-induced pavement deterioration in permafrost environments.
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