To enable accurate and real-time estimation of exhaust mass flow rate in internal combustion engines, a hydrogen internal combustion engine exhaust flow estimation method based on adaptive observer was proposed. By combining the velocity density formula, the exhaust efficiency of the internal combustion engine was estimated through real-time adaptive estimation of key parameters to be identified. Firstly, an exhaust model was established based on the pressure dynamics model at the exhaust manifold and the mass flow model of exhaust gas at the exhaust outlet. To balance signal acquisition accuracy and computational resource efficiency, the established exhaust model was discretized. Then, an adaptive state observer was designed, and its parameters were adjusted to ensure performance and convergence. Finally, the exhaust efficiency of the parameter to be identified was estimated through an adaptive observer, and the exhaust gas flow rate of the cylinder was calculated based on the exhaust gas velocity density formula. The co-simulation results using GT-SUITE and Simulink demonstrate that the proposed method exhibits good performance in both steady-state and transient operating conditions.
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