非洲乍得湖流域水资源危机演变及溯因研究进展

Research Process on Evolution and Causes of Water Resources Crisis in Lake Chad Basin in Africa

摘要

乍得湖流域是非洲水资源矛盾最为突出的地区之一,水资源危机严重制约了经济发展与社会稳定,也影响了流域国家间的关系.本文从乍得湖萎缩、河流径流量减少、湿地退化、地下水和水冲突等方面开展文献检索与整理,全面总结乍得湖流域水危机演变过程,系统归纳该流域水危机成因.通过文献分析得出了以下结论:1)乍得湖水资源危机在自然层面主要表现为自20世纪60年代以来湖面持续萎缩、各河流径流量大幅度下降、湿地退化、多区域地下水资源枯竭;在社会层面表现为水争端与水冲突频发、经济社会发展条件恶化及恐怖组织快速蔓延.2)20世纪60-80年代的大干旱是乍得湖流域河流径流量锐减和湖泊萎缩的重要原因,同时也推动了区域内水利工程的建设热潮.以大坝工程为主体的水利工程群不仅减少了河流径流量,而且改变了河流径流的季节分配,加剧了湿地退化,减少了沿岸地区的地下水补给量,进一步加剧了水资源危机.3)人口快速增长导致水资源需求激增,进一步加剧了乍得湖流域的供需矛盾;而统一、有效的流域协同合作机制的缺失,则制约了水资源管理水平的提升,限制了各国应对危机的能力.综上,乍得湖流域水危机仍是国际社会广泛关注的热点问题,开展多视角、系统性研究将是其综合治理的重要方向.

Abstract

The Lake Chad basin is one of the regions in Africa with the most prominent water conflicts, and the water crisis has seriously constrained economic development and social stability, and also affected the relations among countries in the basin. This paper carries out literature search and collation from the shrinkage of Lake Chad, the reduction of river runoff, the shrinkage of wetlands, groundwater and water conflicts, etc., comprehensively summarizes the evolution of the water crisis in the Lake Chad basin, and systematically summarizes the causes of the water crisis in the basin. The following conclusions are drawn from the literature analysis: 1) The water crisis in Lake Chad is mainly manifested at the natural level by the drastic shrinkage of the surface of Lake Chad since the 1960s, the drastic decline of the runoff of rivers, the degradation of wetlands, the depletion of groundwater resources in many regions, the frequent occurrence of water disputes and conflicts, the deterioration of the conditions for economic and social development, and the rapid spread of the accompanying terrorist organizations. 2) The multi-decadal drought from the 1960s to the 1980s was a major cause of the shrinkage of river runoff and lakes in the Lake Chad basin, and at the same time prompted a surge in the construction of water conservation projects in the region. The cluster of water conservancy projects, mainly dam projects, not only reduced the river runoff volume, but also changed the seasonal distribution of river runoff, aggravated the degradation of wetlands, and reduced the amount of groundwater recharge in the coastal areas, thus further exacerbating the water resources crisis. 3) The rapid increase in water demand brought about by rapid population growth has further intensified the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources in the Lake Chad basin, while the lack of a unified and effective mechanism for coordinated cooperation in the basin has impeded the improvement of the level of water resources management in the basin, thus limiting the improvement of the overall capacity of the countries in the basin to cope with the water crisis. In conclusion, the water crisis in the Lake Chad basin is still a hot issue in the international community. Analyzing and solving the problem from multiple perspectives will be an important direction for the development of the water crisis in the Lake Chad basin.

关键词

乍得湖流域 / 乍得湖萎缩 / 地下水位下降 / 水冲突 / 水资源管理

Key words

Lake Chad basin / Lake Chad shrinkage / declining groundwater levels / water conflict / water resource management

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金项目(41602264)

湖南省自然科学基金项目(2020JJ5572)

湖南省水利科技项目(XSKJ202305901)

湖南省自然科学基金青年项目(2023JJ40021)

湖南省教育厅优秀青年基金项目(21B0314)