To address the challenges such as significant estimation errors and low resolution in the estimation of the direction of arrival(DOA) of vector hydrophone array broadband signal, this paper proposes a novel approach that combines the molecular group improved whale optimization algorithm (MGIWaOA) with maximum likelihood(ML) estimation. The method begins by utilizing the signal subspace transformation algorithm to construct a focusing matrix, transforming broadband signals into narrowband signals. Subsequently, a ML-based DOA estimation model is established, and optimization is performed using the MGI-WaOA. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm exhibits faster convergence, lower root mean square error, and more robust performance compared to ML estimation methods based on the whale optimization algorithm, sine cosine algorithm, sparrow optimization algorithm, differential evolution algorithm, genetic algorithm, and particle swarm optimization.
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