Graphene, an ultrathin material, features excellent electrical and mechanical properties, making it an ideal candidate for membrane materials in the field of nano-electromechanical systems. It shows great potential for sensing applications. The size of current nano-electromechanical sensors is extremely small, and the primary challenge lies in enhancing device sensitivity. In this work, a novel suspended H-shaped graphene resonator for acceleration is first proposed, and the properties of the H-shape graphene are explored. The effect of the size of H-shape graphene and its mass on frequency and displacement is simulated, and the final dimensions of the graphene resonator are designed. The correlation between device sensitivity enhancement and stress distribution is explored by analyzing the sensing dynamics at the beam-mass interface. Eventually, the displacement sensitivity of the sensor can reach 47.30 nm/nN. Compared with conventional suspended graphene accelerometers, the sensitivity is improved by 3.76 times, and the Q-factor is enhanced by 2.46 times without increasing the size of the proof mass. These findings lay the foundation for the design and manufacture of low-cost, high-sensitivity, miniaturized nano-electromechanical systems, such as accelerometers, gyroscopes, and displacement sensors.
GRÖNLANDT A, RANGSTENP, NESEM, et al. Miniaturization of components and systems for space using MEMS-technology[J]. Acta Astronautica, 2007, 61(1-6): 228-233.
[2]
LEEJ, JO H, KIMS, et al. Lab-on-PCB for space propulsion: integrated membraneless micro-ignitor for MEMS solid propellant thruster[J]. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 2023, 363: 114696.
[3]
KAISTIM, PANULAT, LEPPÄNENJ, et al. Clinical assessment of a non-invasive wearable MEMS pressure sensor array for monitoring of arterial pulse waveform, heart rate and detection of atrial fibrillation[J]. NPJ Digital Medicine, 2019, 2: 39.
[4]
PASDARI-KIAM, MASIHIA, MOHAMMADIM, et al. Variational-based approach to investigate Fano resonant plasmonic metasurfaces[J]. Optics Express, 2023, 31(10): 16645-16658.
[5]
VALLEJ J, SÁNCHEZ-CHIVAJ M, FERNÁNDEZD, et al. Design, fabrication, characterization and reliability study of CMOS-MEMS Lorentz-force magnetometers[J]. Microsystems & Nanoengineering, 2022, 8: 103.
[6]
KAZIORT E. Beyond CMOS: heterogeneous integration of III-V devices, RF MEMS and other dissimilar materials/devices with Si CMOS to create intelligent microsystems[J]. Philosophical Transactions Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences, 2014, 372(2012): 20130105.
DAIYue, LIUGuanjun, QIUJing, et al. Modeling and simulation analysis on pressure-sensing characteristics of suspended graphene membranes[J]. Journal of Test and Measurement Technology, 2017, 31(1): 1-7. (in Chinese)
[13]
LIG, LIUF, YANGS, et al. High-sensitivity MEMS force and acceleration sensor based on graphene-induced non-radiative transition[J]. Carbon, 2023, 209: 118001.
AHMAD FAZELZADEHS, GHAVANLOOE. Nanoscale mass sensing based on vibration of single-layered graphene sheet in thermal environments[J]. Acta Mechanica Sinica, 2014, 30(1): 84-91.
[16]
LIUH, LÜZ. Modeling of novel nanoscale mass sensor made of smart FG magneto-electro-elastic nanofilm integrated with graphene layers[J]. Thin-Walled Structures, 2020, 151: 106749.
[17]
WANGY, YANGT, LAOJ, et al. Ultra-sensitive graphene strain sensor for sound signal acquisition and recognition[J]. Nano Research, 2015, 8(5): 1627-1636.
[18]
LUB, LVL, YANGH, et al. High performance broadband acoustic absorption and sound sensing of a bubbled graphene monolith[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2019, 7(18): 11423-11429.
LIUWen, TIANJinping, YANGRongcao. Study on terahertz tunable broadband metamaterial absorber composed of three-layer graphene patterns[J]. Journal of Test and Measurement Technology, 2022, 36(5): 384-390. (in Chinese)
[21]
WANGJ, WANGX, GAOX, et al. Polarization insensitivity electromagnetically induced reflection in graphene metasurface[J]. Journal of Measurement Science and Instrumentation, 2021, 12(3): 362-368.
[22]
HURSTA M, LEES, CHA W, et al. A graphene accelerometer[C]//2015 28th IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS), 2015: 865-868.
[23]
JIE W, HUF, WANGX, et al. Acceleration sensing based on graphene resonator[C]//SPIE Proceedings, Second International Conference on Photonics and Optical Engineering, 2017: 102562E.
[24]
YOONJ, KWONM H, SHIND H, et al. Mechanical resonance properties of porous graphene membrane: simulation study and proof of concept experiment[J]. Current Applied Physics, 2021, 23: 30-35.
[25]
FANX, FORSBERGF, SMITHA D, et al. Suspended graphene membranes with attached silicon proof masses as piezoresistive nanoelectromechanical systems accelerometers[J]. Nano Letters, 2019, 19(10): 6788-6799.
[26]
FANX, FORSBERGF, SMITHA D, et al. Graphene ribbons with suspended masses as transducers in ultra-small nanoelectromechanical accelerometers[J]. Nature Electronics, 2019, 2: 394-404.
[27]
FANX, NIKLAUSF. NEMS sensors based on suspended graphene[C]//2021 IEEE 16th International Conference on Nano/Micro Engineered and Molecular Systems (NEMS), 2021: 1169-1172.
[28]
MORENOD, FANX, NIKLAUSF, et al. Proof of concept of a graphene-based resonant accelerometer[C]//2021 IEEE 34th International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS), 2021: 838-840.
[29]
FANX, NIKLAUSF. Deformation behavior and mechanical properties of suspended double-layer graphene ribbons induced by large atomic force microscopy indentation forces[J]. Advanced Engineering Materials, 2022, 24(3): 2100826.
[30]
MORENO-GARCIAD, FANX, SMITHA D, et al. A resonant graphene NEMS vibrometer[J]. Small, 2022, 18(28): 2201816.
[31]
FANX, MORENO-GARCIAD, DINGJ, et al. Resonant transducers consisting of graphene ribbons with attached proof masses for NEMS sensors[J]. ACS Applied Nano Materials, 2023, 7(1): 102-109.
XIAOY, HUF, ZHANGY, et al. A novel two-axis differential resonant accelerometer based on graphene with transmission beams[J]. Sensors, 2022, 22(2): 641.
[34]
LIANGG, TEONGH, LAMK T. Computational study of graphene nanoribbon resonant tunneling diodes[C]//2009 13th International Workshop on Computational Electronics, 2009: 1-3.