To address the decline in decoding performance due to the lack of motor imagery electroencephalography (EEG) data and data heterogeneity, this study proposes a federated learning model. This model integrates a dual-server structure and multi-head attention mechanism to facilitate the recognition of motor imagery tasks in heterogeneous EEG data. Reducing differences in EEG data distribution between clients by Euclidean alignment methods. The dual-server architecture is designed to tackle data heterogeneity. Server One identifies and shares optimal features from the local model, using them as a globally shared resource to improve client update strategies and resolve client drift issues. Server Two consolidates parameters from the local model, performing global parameter fine-tuning training to enhance the model's adaptability to heterogeneous EEG data in different scenarios, thereby improving the universality of the global model. The incorporation of the Transformer’s multi-head self-attention enhances feature representation and learning capability of motor imagery EEG. On the BCI IV 2a Brain-Computer Interface competition dataset, this model shows a 21.05 percent point improvement in EEG decoding average accuracy and a 0.283 increase in the Kappa value compared to the federal learning benchmark model. In cross-dataset testing with different users, environments, and equipment on two EEG datasets, the EEG decoding achieved average accuracies of 71.13% and 86.63% and Kappa coefficients of 0.615 and 0.822, respectively. The results demonstrate that this model can deliver stable performance in scenarios with multiple users and devices, and highly heterogeneous data, exhibiting strong generalizability.
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