The surface temperature during thin-film growth is critical in determining the microstructure and performance of the film's core. However, conventional temperature measurement techniques cannot accurately differentiate between the surface temperature of the film and the temperature of the substrate. This is due to inadequate spatiotemporal resolution and high thermal inertia, consequently providing a scientific foundation for process control that is lacking. To address this issue, this paper presents a precise temperature measurement technique based on NiCr/NiSi thin-film thermocouples. The thermocouples were fabricated using direct current pulse magnetron sputtering, yielding a Seebeck coefficient of 10.42 μV/℃ as determined by static calibration. Secondly, a dual-thermocouple synchronous temperature measurement system was established. Using TiO₂ films as the research subject, we successfully achieved the simultaneous measurement of film surface and substrate temperatures across a sputtering power density range of 0.83 to 5.00 W/cm². The study's findings demonstrate that thermal energy absorption predominantly occurs at the film surface, accompanied by a significant temperature gradient between the film surface and the substrate. The temperature of the film surface is evidently considerably higher than that of the substrate. As the power density increased, the surface temperature rose from 197 ℃ to 541 ℃, while the substrate temperature increased from 125 ℃ to 324 ℃. This technology is distinguished by its high spatio-temporal resolution and rapid response, facilitating the precise capture of transient surface temperature changes. Reliable data is crucial for optimising thin-film processes and regulating their performance. It is also vital for advancing the controllable fabrication of high-performance thin films.
ConratP, CominoF, GonzálezC J, et al. Experimental and numerical analysis of wet channels for evaporative cooling systems manufactured with polymeric film materials[J]. Energy, 2025, 340: 139370.
[2]
GargR, GonuguntlaS, SkS, et al. Sputtering thin films: materials, applications, challenges and future directions[J]. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 2024, 330: 103203.
[3]
MondalP K, BeraS, GuptaA, et al. Effect of deposition temperature on the quality of Alq3 films and Alq3-Co interfaces[J]. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 2025, 706: 417125.
[4]
LiuZ, YangY, SunY, et al. Measurement and analysis of surface temperature gradients on magnetron sputtered thin film growth studied using NiCr/NiSi thin film thermocouples[J]. Small, 2025, 21(1): 2404829.
[5]
YaoT, HaoY, DingW. Relationship between growth surface temperature and crystal structure of TiO2 coatings prepared using direct current pulsed magnetron sputtering technology[J]. Nano, 2025, 20(12): 2450150.
[6]
MasakiY, HajimeN. Spatiotemporal resolutions in the measurement of heat transfer fluctuations on a thin film formed on a window material via an optical method[J].International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2022, 189: 122723.
ZhaoGuangyu, XuLi, FanJie, et al. Study on the effect of substrate temperature on the properties of electron beam deposited ZnSe films[J]. Chinese Journal of Photonics, 2021, 50(6): 217-224. (in Chinese)
SunYi. Study on the oscillation mechanism of thermocouple potential in nicr/nisi thin-film thermocouples during transient thermal shock processes[D]. Dalian: Dalian Jiaotong University, 2025: 1-52. (in Chinese)
WangChaojie, ChenPeng, YuanGuangmin, et al. Anti-oxidation mechanism of thin-film thermocouples at high temperatures[J]. Chinese Journal of Materials Research, 2017, 31(2): 123-128. (in Chinese)
WangYida, TianQingyun, ChenYong, et al. Design and application research of a box furnace for solving static temperature testing challenges in thin-film thermocouples[J]. Measurement Technology, 2025, 45(6): 153-160. (in Chinese)
ZhangWenqi, ShenTong, WangLinbin, et al. Integrated fabrication process of Pt/PtRh high-temperature thin-film thermocouple sensors based on magnetron sputtering[J]. Materials Engineering, 2024, 52(9): 27-33. (in Chinese)
CuiYunxian, XueShengjun, DuPeng, et al. Preparation of high-performance thin-film thermocouples and their milling application research[J]. Chinese Journal of Instrument and Measurement, 2020, 41(4): 32-40. (in Chinese)
[21]
ZhouA, WangW, YaoX, et al.Impact of the film thickness and substrate on the thermopower measurement of thermoelectric films by the potential-Seebeck microprobe (PSM)[J].Applied Thermal Engineering, 2016, 107: 552-559.
[22]
HiroyukiF, YasutakaA, KenjiroO, et al.Development on measurement method for Thomson coefficient of thin film[J]. Measurement, 2021, 185: 110010.
LiuShouwen, ZhouYan, PeiYifei. Analysis of the influence of solder on thermocouple temperature measurement errors[J]. Environmental Engineering of Spacecraft, 2010, 27(2): 194-196. (in Chinese)
[25]
刘祖应.热电偶测温原理中的基本定律[J].化工时刊, 2001, 45(4): 46-48.
[26]
LiuZuying. Fundamental laws in thermocouple temperature measurement principles[J]. Chemical Industry Times, 2001, 45(4): 46-48. (in Chinese)
[27]
骆伟强.关于工业用热电偶现场校准相关问题分析[J].科学技术创新, 2018(1): 57-58.
[28]
LuoWeiqiang. Analysis of issues related to on-site calibration of industrial thermocouples[J]. Science and Technology Innovation, 2018(1): 57-58. (in Chinese)
XueYanbing, TangZhen’an, WeiGuangfen. Density functional theory analysis of the effect of metal catalysts on the properties of CO-sensitive thin films[J]. Journal of Test and Measurement Technology, 2006, 20(1): 15-20. (in Chinese)
[31]
ShanM, JemshihasA P, Jamshina SanamP K, et al.Magneto thermoelectric effect of nickel thin film synthesized by RF magnetron sputtering[J]. Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures, 2023, 147: 115591.
[32]
YingL, GuihongS, GuipengL, et al.Thin films of thermoelectric Mg2Sn containing nano-sized metal Sn phase by magnetron sputtering[J].Chemical Physics Letters, 2022, 788: 139305.
LiuZhihui. Analysis of thermocouple alloy composition and measurement of surface temperature during sputtered thin film growth[D]. Dalian: Dalian Jiaotong University, 2023: 5-37. (in Chinese)
[35]
WangT, SunT, YuX, et al.18‐2: Efficient methodology for increasing atomic layer deposition throughput by optimizing deposition rate of SiO2 film[J].SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, 2025, 56(1): 213-216.
CuiYunxian, XueShuaiyi, ZhouTong, et al. Preparation and performance study of thin-film transient temperature sensors[J]. Chinese Journal of Instrument and Measurement, 2017, 38(12): 3028-3035. (in Chinese)
XieFei. Design of a thin-film strain sensor with suspended structure and a cutting force data acquisition system[D]. Taiyuan: North China University of Technology, 2023: 1-60. (in Chinese)
[40]
DingJ, ChenR, WangJ, et al.Static characteristics calibration of Pt/Au thin-film thermocouple by means of laser heating and temperature extrapolation method[J].Sensors and Actuators: A. Physical, 2018, 279: 178-190.