Objective In order to meet the high-efficiency water-saving irrigation needs for greenhouse tomato cultivation, this study focused on optimizing irrigation amount for greenhouse tomatoes based on pan surface evaporation (Ep). Methods Using a standard evaporation pan with a diameter of 20 cm, three irrigation treatments were established: 1.0 Ep(CK), 0.8 Ep(T1), and 0.6 Ep(T2). The study explored the soil moisture response in the primary root zone (0~40 cm), and analyzed plant growth indicators, fruit yield, and irrigation water use efficiency to further refine irrigation amount. Results The irrigation amount affected the temporal and spatial distribution of soil moisture. The average soil moisture in the 0~40 cm layer for CK, T1, and T2 treatments ranged from 77.7% to 103.4%, 65.4% to 98.9%, and 60.9% to 91.1% of the field water holding capacity, respectively with higher irrigation amounts resulting in higher soil moisture. All treatments showed a gradual decline in soil moisture over time, with T1 and T2 treatments decreasing more than CK. As the growth season progressed,the differences in soil moisture among different soil layers increased for CK, while the trends reversed for T1 and T2. In CK and T1, the soil moisture fluctuations were greatest in the 0~10 cm soil layer, while in T2, the fluctuation peaked in the 10~ 20 cm soil layer. Overall, the soil moisture variation was greater for T1 and T2 than CK, but post-ripening, the soil moisture at the 30~40 cm soil layer in T1 and the 20~40 cm soil layer in T2 showed minimal changes. There were no significant differences among treatments in tomato plant height, stem thickness, leaf area, and fresh/dry weights of both underground and overground parts. Compared to CK, the single fruit weight and total yield decreased by 3.41% and 4.07% for T1, and by 3.25% and 3.97% for T2, but these differences were not statistically significant (P<0.05). The irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) for CK, T1, and T2 was 30.1 kg·m-3, 35.1 kg·m-3, and 43.9 kg·m-3,respectively, with T1 and T2 improving IWUE by 16.77% and 46.15% over CK. Conclusion The T2 treatment maintained the average soil moisture in the 0~40cm soil layer above 60% of field capacity without affecting plant growth and total yield,while achieving significantly higher irrigation water use efficiency. Therefore,an irrigation coefficient (Kp) of 0.6 based on pan evaporation provides an optimal irrigation amount for greenhouse tomatoes, supporting efficient water-saving cultivation.
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