1.Engineering Technology Research Center,Geographic Information Development and Application of Hebei,Institute of Geographical Sciences,Hebei Academy of Sciences,Shijiazhuang,050011,China
2.Zhangjiakou Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Zhangjiakou,075000,China
3.College of Geography Science,Hebei Normal University,Shijiazhuang 050024,China
Objective The management of water and nitrogen for oat production in the northern agro-pastoral ecotone in China has often been inconsistent,with a focus mainly on maximizing yield. Optimizing irrigation and nitrogen inputs based on specific production goals is essential for developing a sustainable and efficient oat production system. Method In this study, 27 study sites were selected across the agro-pastoral ecotone. A field experiment examining the combined effects of water and nitrogen on oat yield was carried out in Zhangbei county,followed by calibration of the APSIM-Oat model using the experimental data. The fully calibrated model was then used to simulate various water and nitrogen coupling scenarios across the study region, allowing for recommendations on the optimal irrigation and nitrogen combinations tailored to different production goals. Results The combination of W90N150 (90 mm irrigation with 150 kg·hm-2 Nitrogen) or W120N150 (120 mm irrigation with 150 kg·hm-2 Nitrogen) produced the maximum oat yield ranging from 1780 to 3190 kg·hm-2, with the lowest yields observed in the western APE. For maximum nitrogen use efficiency, the W30N30 (30 mm irrigation with 30 kg·hm-2 Nitrogen)combination was optimal, achieving an average efficiency of 33.7 kg·hm-2·kg-1, with the highest efficiency in the eastern region. The highest economic returns were achieved with the W60N150(60 mm irrigation with 150 kg·hm-2 Nitrogen) or W90N150(90 mm irrigation with 150 kg·hm-2 Nitrogen) combinations, ranged from 2940 to 6700 CNY·hm-2, with the middle region showing the highest returns. Conclusion Compared to the inputs needed for maximum yield, reducing irrigation by 60~90 mm and nitrogen by 120 kg·hm-2 achieved maximum nitrogen use efficiency. Additionally, maintaining nitrogen levels while reducing irrigation by 30~60 mm maximized income.
APSIM-Oat中关键模块包括作物、土壤和管理模块。模型基于气象数据、土壤数据和管理数据模拟燕麦日生长发育,包括生育期、生物量积累和产量形成等过程。土壤模块包括土壤水、氮和有机质利用过程。管理模块包括播期、灌溉和施肥等措施的设定。本研究利用2021-2023年试验数校正APSIM-Oat模型,其中2021-2022年试验数据用于模型调参,2023年试验数据用于模型校正。利用模型模拟值和观测值线性回归的决定系数(R2 )、均方根误差(root mean squared error,RMSE)和相对均方根误差(normalized root mean squared error,NRMSE)评价模型的模拟效果。R2、RMSE和NRMSE计算公式如下:
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