Objective The objective of this study was to explore the adsorption characteristics of biochar derived from different agricultural wastes for Cd2+ and to provide theoretical basis and technical support for the resource utilization of agricultural waste and remediation of Cd2+ in the environment. Methods Biochar was produced from Pleurotus ostreatus residue (PG), Lentinus edodes residue (XG), corn straw (YM), and cow dung (NF) using oxygen-limited pyrolysis at temperatures of 300, 400, and 500 ℃, resulting in 12 distinct biochar variants: PG(PG300, PG400, PG500), XG (XG300, XG400, XG500), NF (NF300, NF400, NF500), and YM (YM300, YM400, YM500). The biochar with the highest adsorption property, PG500, was subsequently modified with iron manganese composite (FM-PG500). The physical and chemical properties of the biochar were characterized using BET, FTIR and other methods,focusing one their adsorption properties for Cd2+. Results Our results demonstrated that the yield of all four biochar types decreased with increasing pyrolysis temperature, while ash content, specific surface area, and pore volume exhibited an opposite trend. The relative content of aromatic functional groups increased, which implied enhanced structural stability. FM-PG500 displayed the highest aromaticity and Cd2+ adsorption capacity. The adsorption process followed quasi second order kinetics. The adsorption of PGBC, FM-PG500, and XGBC fitted the Langmuir model, indicating monolayer chemical adsorption, whereas YMBC and NFBC adhered to the Freundlich model,indicating multi molecular layer chemical adsorption. In thermodynamic studies, at a Cd2+ concentration of 10~80 mg·L-1, FM-PG500’s equilibrium adsorption capacity increased from 4.96~36.52 mg·g-1 to 5.41~38.04 mg·g-1 compared to PG500. In kinetics experiments at a Cd2+ concentration of 20 mg·L-1, FM-PG500 achieved an 11.0% increase in adsorption capacity over PG500. Conclusion Biochar derived from agricultural waste demonstrated significant potential for Cd2+ removal from water. The modification with iron-manganese oxide altered the physical and chemical properties of biochar, enhancing its adsorption capabilities.
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