Objective Agriculture is a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions. This study aimed to understand the characteristics of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions in Shanxi Province, predict the carbon emission peak time and peak value,and comprehensively analyze carbon emission reduction potential, and propose carbon reduction strategies. Methods Based on the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and the Provincial Greenhouse Gas Inventory Compilation Guidelines, the agricultural greenhouse gas emissions in Shanxi Province from 2005 to 2022 were calculated. The logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) model was employed to decompose the influencing factors of agricultural carbon emissions in Shanxi Province. Five indicators were selected: agricultural production efficiency, agricultural economic level, agricultural population, agricultural fertilizer application amount, and total meat production. Four carbon emission scenarios: baseline, economic development, low carbon, and low speed, were constructed, and the STIRPA model was used to forecast the agricultural greenhouse gas emissions from 2023 to 2040. Results From 2005 to 2022, agricultural carbon emissions in Shanxi Province showed a fluctuating trend, with rapid growth from 2020 to 2022, reaching 10 874 900 tons of CO2 equivalent in 2022. Carbon production efficiency was the primary factor in carbon emission reduction, cumulatively reducing emissions by 14 504 million tons of CO2 equivalent compared to 2005, with a reduction contribution rate of 1 037.75%. The agricultural economic level was the main driving factor for emission increases, cumulatively increasing emissions by 172 859 million tons of CO2 equivalent compared to 2005, with a contribution rate of ⁃1 236.80%. The low carbon development scenario was the optimal peaking scenario, with the carbon peak expected around 2030 and a peak carbon emission of 12 617 300 tons of CO2 equivalent. Conclusion Future agricultural carbon emissions in Shanxi Province remain highly uncertain. Low-carbon development is the optimal path for achieving carbon emission reduction. It is recommended to formulate relevant policies and measures, such as prioritizing low-carbon technologies, optimizing fertilizer application structures, and enhancing farmers' low-carbon awareness,to promote low-carbon, green, and stable agricultural development in Shanxi Province.
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