Objective Lodging significantly impacts maize quality and yield, posing a major challenge in Chinese maize production. Rind penetrometer resistance (RPR) is a key indicator of stalk lodging resistance. This study aimed to explore the relationship between RPR and stalk anatomical structure using 61 maize inbred lines. Methods Stalk cross-sections were analyzed using microtome sectioning and electron microscopy,while RPR was measured with a penetrometer. Correlations between these traits were statistically evaluated. Results The results revealed that RPR was positively correlated with the thickness of sclerenchyma, average area of single small vascular bundle, sclerenchyma thickness/stalk radius, sclerenchyma area, and sclerenchyma area/stalk cross-sectional area at P<0.01 level. Significant positive correlation(P<0.05) were also found with stalk circumference and diameter. Cluster analysis based on membership function D-value categorized the materials into three groups, with group III exhibiting significantly higher RPR than others. Linear regression analysis revealed that sclerenchyma thickness and peripheral vascular bundle area collectively determine 47% of RPR variation, directly influencing lodging resistance. Conclusion Comprehensive evaluation identified TIAN77 and TY1 as elite lodging-resistance inbred lines. These findings provided a theoretical basis for breeding lodging-resistance maize varieties through anatomical trait selection.
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