Objective Food security is a cornerstone of national security. The increasing trend of cropland “non-grain production” poses a potential threat to grain production. Jiangxi Province,a major grain-producing region in China characterized by complex topography, a robust agricultural foundation, and rapid urbanization,presents a highly representative case for studying this issue. Methods Using counties in Jiangxi Province as the research units, this study integrates socioeconomic, meteorological, and geospatial data from 2002 to 2022. Spatial autocorrelation analysis and the standard deviation ellipse method were applied to systematically examine the spatiotemporal evolution of cropland “non-grain production”, while the Geographical Detector model was employed to identify its dominant driving mechanisms. Results (1) The level of cropland “non-grain production” in Jiangxi exhibited a “U-shaped” trend over the study period, with an average annual rate of 33.74%, exceeding the national average. Spatially, it displayed a clustered pattern of “high in the north and south, low in the central region”. Northern and southern Jiangxi was severely affected areas, whereas the Poyang Lake Plain was predominantly characterized by light non-grain production. (2) The spatial distribution of cropland “non-grain production” showed increased directionality, with a southward shift and greater dispersion of its center of gravity. Significant global spatial autocorrelation (Moran’s I>0) was observed,and local high-value clusters were consistently concentrated in northern Jiangxi. (3) The urbanization rate (q=0.733), proportion of oil crop cultivation area (q=0.660), and GDP per unit land area (q=0.608) were identified as the primary driving factors. Factor interactions were predominantly nonlinear enhancements, with particularly notable interaction effects among per capita cultivated land area, grain yield per unit area, and oil crop ratio. Conclusion To curb the trend of cropland “non-grain production” and ensure food security and sustainable agricultural development, this study recommended implementing land-use classification and differentiated management, improving grain income security mechanisms, and promoting coordinated development between urbanization and agriculture.
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