1.Xi’an Microelectronic Technology Institute, Xi’an 710072, Shaanxi,China
2.School of Microelectronics,Xidian University, Xi’an 710072, Shaanxi,China
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文章历史+
Received
Published
2019-03-24
2020-06-24
Issue Date
2026-07-23
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摘要
为解决空间辐射环境引起的列并行单斜式模拟数字转换器(analog to digital converter, ADC)中斜坡信号范围不能动态校正的问题,提出一种用于CMOS(complementary metal oxide semiconductor,互补金属氧化物半导体)图像传感器的高精度抗辐射自适应斜坡产生电路设计方法,并对该方法进行了理论分析和验证。仿真实验结果表明:通过dummy像元的设计可以实现输入到输出整个信号环路的闭环自适应负反馈调节;该斜坡产生电路能够在电离总剂量(total ionization dose, TID)效应影响情况下自动调整斜坡信号斜率,从而有效提高斜坡信号的精度。
Abstract
In order to address the issue that the ramp range cannot be dynamically corrected in the column-parallel single-slope analog to digital converter (ADC) caused by space radiation environment, a design method of high precision radiation-hardened adaptive ramp generator circuit for complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor is proposed,theoretically analyzed and verified. The simulation results show that the closed-loop adaptive negative feedback adjustment of the entire signal loop from input to output can be realized by the design of the dummy pixel. And the ramp generator circuit can automatically adjust the slope of the ramp under the influence of the total ionization dose (TID) effect, thereby effectively improving the accuracy of the ramp signal.
列并行模拟数字转换器(analog to digital converter, ADC)是广泛应用于CMOS(complementary metal oxide semiconductor,互补金属氧化物半导体)图像传感器中的一种模拟数字转换器。常见的列级ADC有单/多斜式ADC、逐次逼近式(successive approximation register, SAR)ADC、Cyclic ADC及Pipeline ADC等多种结构[1],其中,单/多斜式ADC因其具有结构简单、功耗低、占用面积小等优势,比较适合应用于CMOS图像传感器阵列类型的器件中。单/多斜式ADC电路的核心部分是斜坡产生电路,斜坡信号的线性度和精度高低直接决定单/多斜式ADC性能的优劣。斜坡产生电路一般包括电流源和积分电容两部分,通过电流源对积分电容进行充放电来产生斜坡信号。
斜坡产生电路在Buck转换器[2]、模拟数字转换器内置自检(built-in self-test,BIST)[3,4]、单/多斜式ADC[1,5,6,7,8]等多种功能电路中得到了广泛应用,但由于传统的斜坡产生电路受工艺、电压及温度(process-voltage-temperature, PVT)等因素的影响较大,造成斜坡信号精度不高、线性度比较差等问题,限制了该类型电路整体性能的提升。1999年,Provost 等[3]首次提出用于模拟数字转换器BIST的自适应斜坡产生电路,通过离散负反馈方式对斜坡产生电路进行动态校正,解决了传统斜坡信号随PVT、电流源及电容失配等因素变化的问题。2012年,Sordo等[5]提出了与文献[3,4]中类似的自适应斜坡产生电路,对该电路中的校正电路进行了改进和辐射加固设计[5],但未考虑运算放大器的自身有限增益及运放失调对斜坡产生电路性能的影响。同年,Liu [9]提出了采用开关电容模拟精确电阻的方法实现的斜坡产生电路,该方法产生的斜坡信号斜率与时钟频率、参考电压相关,消除了电容的绝对值对斜坡信号斜率的影响,但受PVT和时钟信号抖动的影响较大,不适合飞行时间(time of flight,TOF)测距及科学级成像等高精度应用。2019年,Deyan等[10]设计了一种采用编程方式调整斜坡信号范围的斜坡产生电路,但是存在两方面缺点:一是产生的斜坡信号斜率会受PVT因素的影响而改变;二是实际使用中采用数字模拟转换器(digital to analog converter,DAC)编程的方式对电流源大小进行调整比较繁琐。文献[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]提出的单/多斜式ADC中的斜坡产生电路都是采用固定的斜坡参考电压,导致电路不能动态地随着应用环境中电离总剂量(total ionization dose, TID)、PVT等因素的变化自动调节斜坡参考电压。尤其是在空间及医疗成像等辐射环境中,CMOS图像传感器易出现暗电流增大、MOS(metal oxide semiconductor,金属氧化物半导体)器件阈值电压产生漂移等现象,从而对其性能造成严重影响,因此需要针对此类特殊应用,对CMOS图像传感器进行优化设计,以满足空间和医疗成像应用中对图像传感器的设计要求。
图4是通过采集dummy像元输出信号获得和的原理图。其中,VDD表示电源电压,TX表示TG管栅极控制信号,RST表示复位管栅极控制信号,RS表示行选开关控制信号,COUNTER表示12 bit数字计数器,CLK表示时钟信号。图4中左侧电路为dummy像元电路(dummy pixel unit),中间部分为12 bit单斜式ADC(single-slope ADC,SS-ADC)电路,右侧为6 bit DAC电路。
如图4所示,斜坡参考电压产生电路工作过程如下:采用最大强度光照射像元阵列,当开关闭合打开时,首先由12 bit 单斜式ADC采集有效像元阵列顶部的dummy像元输出电压,然后通过时钟信号扫描的方式驱动右侧6 bit DAC电路输出对应的参考电压,当参考电压与dummy像元输出电压相等时,将12 bit SS-ADC输出的数字码存储在寄存器LATCH_H中,再通过12 bit DAC将寄存器LATCH_H中的数字量转换为模拟量,最后得到斜坡参考电压;在无光照情况下,当开关闭合打开时,同样的原理,通过SS-ADC采集有效像元阵列底部的dummy像元输出电压可以得到斜坡参考电压。由于12 bit DAC输出的参考电压及驱动能力较弱,因此需要在和后面增加一级模拟缓冲器驱动电路(非电路主要部分,故未在图4中给出),以提高斜坡参考电压的驱动能力。
图5中,开关和控制斜坡模式切换,分别实现产生下降斜坡和上升斜坡信号的功能;开关和在斜坡产生电路初始化阶段控制PMOS(P型金属氧化物半导体,P-type metal oxide semiconductor)晶体管()或NMOS(N型金属氧化物半导体,N-type metal oxide semiconductor)晶体管()漏极初始电压;开关、及是斜坡信号进行周期校正时的切换开关。电容用来采集运算放大器(简称“运放”)的输入失调电压;是斜坡信号进行周期校正时的采样电容;是第一级积分器的积分电容;是第二级积分器的积分电容。整个自适应斜坡产生电路是一个离散负反馈控制系统,由两个跨导电容(-C)积分器组成,其中第一级积分器由和构成,其输出信号控制或的栅极电压,产生相应的积分电流;第二级积分器由和构成,其输出信号即为所产生的斜坡信号。
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