With the application of semiconductor sensors in the online monitoring system of power transformer insulating oil chromatogram, the traditional linear fitting calibration method appears some problems, such as the measurement error exceeding the limit and the fitting gas concentration being negative and so on. In this paper, the linear, power function and one-variable quadratic function fitting method based on the least-square principle is used to fit the concentration data of seven gases (H2,CH4,C2H6,C2H4,C2H2,CO,CO2) dissolved in insulating oil detected by semiconductor sensor. Combined with theoretical analysis and experimental verification, it is proved that compared with the linear and power function fitting methods, the fitting results of the one-variable quadratic function based on the least square principle have better correlation and lower fitting error. It is expected to be used to improve the on-site calibration method of the insulating oil chromatography online monitoring system.
选取残差平方和(sum of squares due to error,SSE)、决定系数R2、均方根误差(root mean squared error,RMSE)和最大误差(maximum error,ME)4个指标[24,25],对油中溶解气体参考均值(或在线均值)和经过拟合后的标定曲线的对应值的拟合效果进行评价。
GODINHOM S, OLIVEIRAA E, SENAM M. Determination of interfacial tension of insulating oils by using image analysis and multi-way calibration[J]. Microchemical Journal, 2010, 96(1):42-45. DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2010.01.017 .
XUK, ZHOUJ H, RUQ S, et al. Development and prospect of transformer oil dissolved gas on-line monitoring technology [J]. High Voltage Engineering, 2005, 31(8):30-32. DOI: 10.13336/j.1003-6520.hve.2005.08.011(Ch ).
ZHENGH B. Study on Condition Assessment and Fault Diagnosis Approaches for Power Transformers [D]. Chongqing: Chongqing University, 2012. 10.33278/sae-2012.plenary
HUANGH W. Principle and application of online monitoring system of dissolved gases in transformer oil [J]. Zhejiang Electric Power,2016,35(2):31-35. DOI: 10.19585/j.zjdl.2016.02.008(Ch ).
LIANGL J. Discussion on on-line monitoring technology of oil chromatography in power transformer[J]. Electric Engineering, 2019(6): 19-20,23. DOI: 10.19768/j.cnki.dgjs.2019.06.008(Ch ).
HUANGB. Analysis of the Gas-sensitive Property of SnO2 Semiconductor Sensors and Its Application in the DGA Technology [D]. Changsha: Central South University, 2014(Ch). 10.33278/sae-2014.vol.2
WANGY H. Study of Chromatography On⁃line Monitoring System of Power Transformer[D]. Shanghai: Shanghai Jiaotong University, 2008(Ch). 10.1515/9783110970128
[16]
JOHNSONM L. Nonlinear least-squares fitting methods[J]. Methods in Cell Biology, 2008, 84:781-805. DOI: 10.1016 /S0091-679X(07)84024-6 .
[17]
TAKADAT. A new method for gas identification using a single semiconductor sensor [J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 1998, 52(1-2):45-52. DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4005(98)00254-8 .
[18]
KOHLD. Function and applications of gas sensors[J]. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics,2001,34(19): R125-R149. DOI: 10.1088/0022-3727/34/19/201 .
[19]
BELINGS, BLÄSERG, BOCKJ, et al. Signal conditioning for semiconductor gas sensors being used as detectors in gas-chromatographs and similar applications[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 1998, 52(1-2):15-22. DOI: 10.1016/ S0925-4005(98)00250-0 .
[20]
TRANIF, CAUSÀM, NINNOD, et al. Density functional study of oxygen vacancies at the SnO2 surface and subsurface sites [J]. Physical Review B, 2008, 77(24):245410. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.77.245410 .
[21]
TAKADAT. Temperature drop of semiconductor gas sensor when exposed to reducing gases-simultaneous measurement of changes in sensor temperature and in resistance [J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2000, 66(1-3):1-3. DOI: 10.1016/ S0925-4005(99)00422-0 .
LIANH S, LIW Q, LAIY H, et al. Research on the integration device for on-site rapid detection of dissolved gases and gas content in transformer insulating oil [J]. High Voltage Apparatus,2020,56(3):79-86. DOI: 10.13296/j.1001-1609.hva.2020.03.012 (Ch ).
DL/T 1498.2—2016 Technical specification for on-line monitoring device of transformation equipment-Part 2: On-line monitoring device of gases dissolved in transformer oil [S]. Beijing: China Electric Power Press, 2016 (Ch). 10.1016/b978-1-895198-92-8.50140-3
ZHANGY T, JIAY M. Analysis and program implementation of least squares polynomial curve fitting [J]. Computer & Digital Engineering,2017,45(4): 637-639,654.DOI: 10.3969/j. issn.1672-9722.2017.04.009(Ch ).
ZHANGQ. Exploneing for the principle of least square method and its treatment method [J]. Metrology & Measurement Technique, 2020, 47(4): 75-76. DOI:10.15988/j.cnki.1004-6941.2020.4.023 (Ch ).
WANGS C. Camera Vignetting Compensation Based on Space Adaptive Least Square Method[D]. Changchun: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences),2020(Ch). 10.21436/inbom.18882202
GAOH. Optimal Model Construction in Some Kinds of Commonly Used Nonlinear Regression Analysis and Their Intelligent Realization by SAS [D]. Beijing: Chinese People’s Liberation Army Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 2012(Ch). 10.7666/d.D237356
[40]
DALIAKOPOULOSI N, COULIBALYP, TSANISI K. Groundwater level forecasting using artificial neural networks[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2005, 309 (1-4): 229-240. DOI:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.12.001 .
[41]
VITTINGHOFF E, GLIDDEN D V, SHIBOSKI S C, et al. Regression Methods in Biostatistics Linear, Logistic, Survival and Repeated Measures Models [M]. 2nd Ed. Berlin:Springer, 2010.
GB/T 17623-2017 Determination of componental contents of gases dissolved in insulating oil by gas chromatography method [S]. Beijing: China Quality and Standards Publishing & Media Co.,Ltd., 2017 (Ch). 10.1039/c7nr90251d