1.Postdoctoral Research Station in Management Science and Engineering,Nanchang University,Nanchang 330031,Jiangxi,China
2.School of Management,Wuhan Textile University,Wuhan 430200,Hubei,China
3.School of Logistics Engineering,Wuhan Technology University,Wuhan 430063,Hubei,China
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文章历史+
Received
Published
2020-11-08
2021-10-24
Issue Date
2026-07-23
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摘要
常规市场需求下的订单生产规划,无法应对诸如商家促销、抗灾应急等非常规市场需求下,大量客户订单造成MTO(make to order,按订单生产)企业生产经营波动,对供应链运营产生不利影响这一问题。为此,考虑在云制造模式下,首先基于供应链运营能力大小,以供应链利润最大化为目标构建常规需求下的订单生产规划基本模型;进而基于供应链运营能力利用率,以供应链利润最大且运营能力波动率最小为目标构建非常规需求下的订单生产规划拓展模型,并设计三层嵌套结构的蚁群优化算法求解。通过仿真分析发现:订单数量超过阈值后,会造成供应链利润不断降低和供应链运营能力波动不断增大等不利影响;订单数量超过阈值后,考虑供应链运营能力波动的双目标情形下供应链利润大于不考虑的情形,且前者的订单交货期短于后者,并总有前者的供应链运营能力波动小于后者。仿真实验验证了在非常规需求(订单数量超过阈值的概率更大)下,考虑双目标情形的供应链订单生产规划更优,对供应链运营的不利影响更小。
Abstract
The order production planning under the conventional market demand can not deal with the problem that a large number of customer orders cause the production and operation fluctuation of MTO (make to order) enterprises under the unconventional market demand, such as business promotion, disaster response and so on,which has adverse effects on the operation of the supply chain. Therefore,under the cloud manufacturing supply chain mode, firstly, based on the operation capacity of the supply chain, the basic model of order production planning under normal demand is constructed with the goal of maximizing the profit of the supply. Secondly, based on the utilization rate of supply chain operation capacity, the extended model of order production planning model under unconventional demand is constructed with the objective of maximizing the profit of supply chain and minimizing the fluctuation rate of operational capacity. Then the ant colony optimization algorithm with a three-layer nested structure is designed to solve the above models. The simulation analysis shows that the profit of supply chain will decrease and the fluctuation of supply chain operation capacity will increase, when the order quantity exceeds the threshold; the profit considering the fluctuation of supply chain operation capacity is greater than that without it, when the order quantity exceeds that threshold. Moreover, the order delivery time of the former is shorter than that of the latter, and the fluctuation of supply chain operation capacity of the former is always smaller than that of the latter. The simulation results show that under the unconventional demand (the probability of order quantity exceeding the threshold value is higher), the order production planning considering the bi⁃objective situation is better, and the adverse impact on the supply chain operation is smaller.
MTO(make to order,按订单生产)企业一般根据自身的产能和生产节奏处理订单,并按照行业水平确定订单交货期。但由于卖方竞争激烈、供多需少,绝大多数MTO企业及其所在供应链大部分时间内并不能满负荷运行,部分产能处于闲置状态。而在商家促销、抗灾应急等时间段,受到非常规市场需求剧烈扰动,大批量订单集中爆发,在短期内会形成供少需多的局面,MTO企业及其所在供应链却因产能限制,即使采用排队、加班等方式超负荷运行,也无法完全满足非常规状态下这些订单处理需求。如,新冠疫情导致国内外对口罩以及各种医疗设备的需求大增,从而使生产这些医疗物资的自动化机器标准零配件也随之产生大量需求。自2020年3月份复工以来,东莞市部分工厂自动化零部件研发及生产的MTO企业收到的客户订单集中式爆发,企业不得不采用两班倒的形式加班加点,导致生产成本增加、利润降低,同时仍然存在订单交货期延长的情形[1]。
设由若干MTO企业、一个云制造平台和若干客户构成的云制造供应链上,客户订单j首先下达到云制造平台,以不超过MTO企业生产能力及供应链运营能力上限为准则,云制造平台对该订单的生产任务CMT i (i=1,2,…,n)进行分解,形成一系列具有时序关系的订单子生产任务系列CMR j (j=1,2,…,m)分配给相应的MTO企业进行生产。云制造资源池中生产能力和制造资源分为四个层级L=,从上到下依次分为企业层(ER)、车间层(WR)、单元层(MC)和设备层(DR),订单子生产任务CMR j 在云制造资源池中检索匹配并获得相应的候选资源集CRSN ij (i=1,2,…,n;j=1,2,…,m),寻找最优生产能力和制造资源组合。订单生产任务在云制造平台中的分配过程如图1所示。
在基本模型中,考虑的是稳定的市场需求结构下,依据订单需求与MTO企业的生产能力及其所在供应链运营能力之间的均衡情况进行订单决策,产能均匀释放,不会出现超负荷运营和闲置的情形。但是,在非常规需求(大规模、个性化、集中性的市场需求)扰动下,如由于供应链上的分销商采取某种促销策略,大规模C2B(customer to business,消费者到企业)、C2M(customer to manufacturer,用户直连制造)需求集中性爆发,MTO企业及其所在供应链必须及时进行订单决策并快速处理客户订单,以配合和保障市场营销的顺利进行。此时,订单价格决策方式不变,依然根据市场供求关系来确定,但由于MTO企业在自己常规时间和加班时间满负荷生产都无法满足订单要求,借助云制造平台将超出某MTO企业生产能力外的订单按照订单类型及其对应的订单交货期先后,就近、就快配置给供应链上的另一MTO企业。这一过程中,部分企业产能超负荷,部分企业产能闲置,导致供应链运营能力产生波动。此时,需要考虑两个目标:
目标函数f1中的第一项为供应链订单总收入;第二项为供应链订单生产成本,其中是订单子需求任务CMT i 针对相应某制造资源层L中的资源服务CSRN ij 所需生产加工成本的累加,为CMR i 中第j个资源服务节点与CMR i+1 中第q个资源服务节点连接成本的累加;第三至第五项为云制造供应链的连接成本,考虑到如果订单完成时间早于承诺交货期,则会因为需要将货物存放于仓储而产生库存成本;如果订单完成交付客户的时间迟于承诺交货期,将按延迟的时间和数量比例进行延迟惩罚。允许缺货(拒绝订单),但因不能满足客户需求将产生机会损失,其中,第三项为库存成本,第四项为延迟成本,第五项为无法履行订单而导致的机会成本(订单损失收益)。目标函数f2第一项为供应链中闲置的产能与超负荷的产能;第二项是云制造加工质量缺陷率,其中为制造资源j承担子需求任务i的质量合格率。
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