1.Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing,Ministry of Education,School of Cyber Science and Engineering,Wuhan University,Wuhan 430072,Hubei,China
2.Hubei Luojia Laboratory/Satellite Navigation and Positioning Research Center,Wuhan University,Wuhan 430079,Hubei,China
3.Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering(Ministry of Education),School of Chemical Engineering and Technology,Tianjin University,Tianjin 300072,China
Biological studies have shown that protein-coding DNA (pcDNA) has a specific information capacity. However, its storage medium model is differ from traditional computer binary storage due to various biological constraints. Protein-coding DNA is a type of non-uniform information storage medium. Existing solutions either cannot efficiently utilize their storage space or have relatively high computational complexity. Aiming at this problem, an encoding method, the Streamed-BMRC algorithm, is proposed based on the arithmetic coding and entropy coding methods. The algorithm uses renormalization techniques to achieve low complexity and efficient usage of information space in pcDNA and simulates the probability distribution of output symbols. Analysis shows that the proposed scheme can efficiently utilize the information capacity of pcDNA under the restriction of biological conditions, has linear computational complexity, and demonstrates evident superiorities.
HAUGHTOND, BALADOF. Performance of DNA data embedding algorithms under substitution mutations[C]//2010 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine Workshops (BIBMW). New York: IEEE Press, 2011: 201-206. DOI: 10.1109/BIBMW.2010.5703799 .
[2]
BALADOF. On the Shannon capacity of DNA data embedding[C]//2010 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing. New York: IEEE Press, 2010: 1766-1769. DOI: 10.1109/ICASSP.2010.5495437 .
[3]
BALADOF. On the embedding capacity of DNA strands under substitution, insertion, and deletion mutations[C]//Proc SPIE 7541, Media Forensics and Security Ⅱ, 2010, 7541: 411-422. DOI: 10.1117/12.838537 .
[4]
RISSANENJ, LANGDONG G. Arithmetic coding[J]. IBM Journal of Research and Development, 1979, 23(2): 149-162. DOI: 10.1147/rd.232.0149 .
[5]
RISSANENJ J. Generalized Kraft inequality and arithmetic coding[J]. IBM Journal of Research and Development, 1976, 20(3): 198-203. DOI: 10.1147/rd.203.0198 .
[6]
LANGDONG G. An introduction to arithmetic coding[J]. IBM Journal of Research and Development, 1984, 28(2): 135-149. DOI: 10.1147/rd.282.0135 .
[7]
WITTENI, NEALR M, CLEARYJ. Arithmetic coding for data compression[J]. Communications of the ACM, 1987, 30: 520-540. DOI: 10.1145/214762.214771 .
[8]
PENNEBAKERW B, MITCHELLJ L, LANGDONG G, et al. An overview of the basic principles of the Q-Coder adaptive binary arithmetic coder[J]. IBM Journal of Research and Development, 1988, 32(6): 717-726. DOI: 10.1147/rd.326.0717 .
[9]
HUFFMAND A. A method for the construction of minimum-redundancy codes[J]. Resonance, 2006, 11(2): 91-99. DOI: 10.1007/BF02837279 .
[10]
Van LEEUWENJ. On the construction of Huffman trees[M].Automata,Languages and Programming. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1976: 382-410.
[11]
MARTING N N. Range encoding: An algorithm for removing redundancy from a digitised message[DB/OL].[2022-09-10].
[12]
DUDAJ, TAHBOUBK, GADGILN J, et al. The use of asymmetric numeral systems as an accurate replacement for Huffman coding[C]//2015 Picture Coding Symposium (PCS). New York: IEEE Press, 2015: 65-69. DOI: 10.1109/PCS.2015.7170048 .
[13]
YOKOOH. On the stationary distribution of asymmetric binary systems[C]//2016 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT). New York: IEEE Press, 2016: 11-15. DOI: 10.1109/ISIT.2016.7541051 .
[14]
DUBÉD, YOKOOH. Empirical Evaluation of the Effect of the Symbol Distribution on the Performance of ANS[DB/OL]. [2022-09-11].
[15]
YOKOOH, DUBÉD. Asymptotic Optimality of Asymmetric Numeral Systems[DB/OL]. [2022-10-11].
[16]
TOWNSENDJ. A tutorial on the range variant of asymmetric numeral systems [EB/OL]. 2020: arXiv: 2001.09186.
[17]
SAYERSE W, BECKJ, BOLTONE E, et al. Database resources of the national center for biotechnology information[J]. Nucleic Acids Research, 2021, 49(D1): D10-D17. DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa892 .
[18]
CAMTEPES, DUDAJ, MAHBOUBIA, et al. ANS-based compression and encryption with 128-bit security[J]. International Journal of Information Security, 2022, 21(5): 1051-1067. DOI: 10.1007/s10207-022-00597-4 .
[19]
HAUGHTOND, BALADOF. BioCode: Two biologically compatible algorithms for embedding data in non-coding and coding regions of DNA[J]. BMC Bioinformatics, 2013, 14: 121. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-14-121 .
[20]
HEIDERD, BARNEKOWA. DNA-based watermarks using the DNA-Crypt algorithm[J]. BMC Bioinformatics, 2007, 8: 176. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-8-176 .
[21]
HAFEEZI, KHANA, QADIRA. DNA-LCEB: A high-capacity and mutation-resistant DNA data-hiding approach by employing encryption, error correcting codes, and hybrid twofold and fourfold codon-based strategy for synonymous substitution in amino acids[J]. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 2014, 52(11): 945-961. DOI: 10.1007/s11517-014-1194-2 .
[22]
MODEGIT. Watermark embedding techniques for DNA sequences using codon usage bias features[DB/OL]. [2022-09-11].
[23]
SHIMANOVSKYB, FENGJ, POTKONJAKM. Hiding data in DNA[C]//Information Hiding. Heidelberg: Springer, 2002: 373-386. DOI: 10.1007/3-540-36415-3_24 .
[24]
ABDULLAHA A, EESAA S, ABDOA M. New data hiding approach based on biological functionality of DNA sequence[J]. Science Journal of University of Zakho, 2019, 7(4): 184-189. DOI: 10.25271/sjuoz.2019.7.4.647 .
[25]
CHOIY, RYU T, LEEA C, et al. High information capacity DNA-based data storage with augmented encoding characters using degenerate bases[J]. Scientific Reports, 2019, 9: 6582. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43105-w .
[26]
ORGANICKL, ANGS D, CHENY J, et al. Random access in large-scale DNA data storage[J]. Nature Biotechnology, 2018, 36(3): 242-248. DOI: 10.1038/nbt.4079 .
[27]
ANAVYL, VAKNINI, ATARO, et al. Data storage in DNA with fewer synthesis cycles using composite DNA letters[J]. Nature Biotechnology, 2019, 37(10): 1229-1236. DOI: 10.1038/s41587-019-0240-x .
[28]
HAOY Y, LIQ, FANC H, et al. Data storage based on DNA[J]. Small Structures, 2021, 2(2): 2000046. DOI: 10.1002/sstr.202000046 .
GAOY M, TANGM T, LIUQ, et al. The pivotal biochemical methods in DNA data storage[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2021, 2(3): 384-398. DOI: 10.12211/2096-8280.2020-085(Ch ).
[31]
DAGHERG G, MACHADOA P, DAVISE C, et al. Data storage in cellular DNA: Contextualizing diverse encoding schemes[J]. Evolutionary Intelligence, 2021, 14(2): 331-343. DOI: 10.1007/s12065-019-00202-z .
[32]
LIUQ, WANGP C, CUIJ S, et al. MRC: A high density encoding method for pratical DNA-based storage[C]//2020 8th International Conference on Advanced Cloud and Big Data (CBD). New York: IEEE Press, 2021: 13-19. DOI: 10.1109/CBD51900.2020.00012 .
[33]
GenScript. Codon Usage Frequency Table(chart)-Genscript[EB/OL]. [2022-10-30].