The enzymatic hydrolysis of the ethanol extracts from Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa leaves was carried out by snailase. In order to reveal the effect of snailase on the biological activity of the extracts, the differences of in vitro and in vivo activities of the samples before and after enzymatic hydrolysis were compared. And the composition changes were analyzed by ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). The results showed that the enzymatic hydrolyzed ethanol extracts of Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa leaves had better antioxidant activity both in vitro and in vivo, and had significant neuroprotective effect. UPLC-MS analysis and Spearman correlation analysis showed that enzymatic hydrolysis mainly affected the content of flavonoids, organic acids, phenylpropanes, carbohydrates and other compounds. The biological activity was positively correlated with the content of flavonoid aglycones, dihydroxybenzoic acid, simple phenylpropanoids and saccharic acid. It is speculated that snailase can increase the content of active ingredients by breaking the glucoside bonds of compounds in Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa leaves, so as to improve the biological activity.
酸枣叶是鼠李科植物酸枣(Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa)的干燥叶,俗称棘叶,具有抗菌、抗炎、保护肝脏、镇静安神等功效[1]。酸枣叶作为酸枣仁及果肉加工过程的重要副产品,常因缺乏有效利用而被浪费。因此,研究酸枣叶的综合开发及利用,是发展酸枣产业的有效切入点之一。酶解(enzymatic hydrolysis)是一种高效的生物转化方法,具有选择性高、温和、稳定等特点,广泛应用于化学结构的修饰,是提升天然产物利用率及利用价值的有效方法[2]。蜗牛酶(snailase)是一种从蜗牛嗉囊或消化道中提取的混合酶,包含纤维素酶、果胶酶、淀粉酶、蛋白酶等20多种生物酶[3],能够高效裂解细胞壁,被广泛应用于实验研究及工业生产[4]。蜗牛酶所包含的β-葡萄糖苷水解酶对β-葡萄糖苷底物特异性较高,能够水解糖苷类化合物的糖苷键,实现去糖基化,从而提升化合物的生物活性及吸收效率[5],被广泛应用于植物苷元[6]、多糖[7]、稀有皂苷[8]的提取转化。
1) 秀丽线虫HA759神经元存活实验。参照Wang等的方法[13],采用24孔板对同步化的L1期秀丽线虫HA759上板给药(方法同ROS检测)。20 ℃恒温培养箱中给药处理60 h后,收集秀丽线虫,转移至2%的琼脂糖垫上,经异氟烷麻醉后,加盖盖玻片,于荧光显微镜下观察秀丽线虫咽部两侧与ASH(amphid sensory neuron of the head)神经元共表达的GFP(green fluorescent protein)荧光点数目,每个实验组观察50条。琼脂糖垫制作方法为:称取2 g琼脂糖,加入100 mL S medium溶液,用微波炉加热溶解后,滴于载玻片上,使用玻璃板压制成1 mm厚度在薄垫即可。
YANY, FUC, DUC H. Research progress on nutrient composition, health functions and product development of ziziphi spinosae folium[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2018, 39(20): 330-336. DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2018.20.056(Ch ).
YUZ H, LIUQ Y, CUIL, et al. Study on the preparation of rare ginsenoside Compound K by enzymolysis of ginsenoside Rb1 with snailase[J]. China Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, 2015, 30(2): 412-416 (Ch).
[5]
KORNPOINTNERC, SCHEIBELREITERJ, HALBWIRTHH. Snailase: A promising tool for the enzymatic hydrolysis of flavonoid glycosides from plant extracts[J]. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2022, 13: 889184. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.889184 .
[6]
LIW, ZHAOL C, WANGZ, et al. Response surface methodology to optimize enzymatic preparation of deapio-platycodin D and platycodin D from radix platycodi[J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2012, 13(4): 4089-4100. DOI: 10.3390/ijms13044089 .
[7]
ZHAOY H, SUY X, LIZ L, et al. Efficient snailase-based production of mogrol from Luo Han Guo extract in an aqueous-organic system[J]. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 2023, 165: 110212. DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110212 .
LIANGH B, YUANX M, GUANY X, et al. Enzymolysis process of loganin and the hypoglycemic activity of hydrolysates[J]. Chinese Journal of Pharmaceuticals, 2018, 49(3): 333-337. DOI: 10.16522/j.cnki.cjph.2018.03.010(Ch ).
CHENW J, CHENJ F, LUH T, et al. Polysaccharides extraction from Baiyaqilan tea by snail enzyme and it antioxidant activity[J]. Journal of Anhui Agricultural University, 2018, 45(6): 996-1003. DOI: 10.13610/j.cnki.1672-352x.20190102.005(Ch ).
[12]
LIR Z, LIUX C, LIX P, et al. Co-immobilized β-glucosidase and snailase in green synthesized Zn-BTC for ginsenoside CK biocatalysis[J]. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 2022, 188: 108677. DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108677 .
YEJ, YANGM J, YANGX Y, et al. Analysis of chemical constituents in Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa folium by UPLC-QTOF-MS[J]. Natural Product Research and Development, 2019, 31(7): 1183-1191. DOI: 10.16333/j.1001-6880.2019.7.010(Ch ).
YUH, LIM Y, ZHANGD, et al. Optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis of undaria pinnatifida protein and antioxidant activity of its hydrolysate[J]. Food Science, 2017, 38(6): 96-103. DOI: 10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201706015(Ch ).
[17]
LIN, LIQ C, HEX Y, et al. Antioxidant and anti-aging activities of Laminaria japonica polysaccharide in Caenorhabditis elegans based on metabonomic analysis[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2022, 221: 346-354. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.008 .
[18]
ZHANGJ, SHIR N, LIH F, et al. Antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of Dictyophora indusiata polysaccharide in Caenorhabditis elegans [J]. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2016, 192: 413-422. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.09.031 .
[19]
WANGQ Q, ZHANGJ, JIANGY Y, et al. Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system for discovering bioactive compounds against polyglutamine-mediated neurotoxicity[J]. Journal of Visualized Experiments, 2021(175): (175). DOI: 10.3791/63081 .
DIAC E, LIH L, HEX P, et al. Research advance in metabolism of effective ingredients from traditional Chinese medicines by probiotics[J]. China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, 2018, 43(1): 31-38. DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20170919.012(Ch ).
[24]
FARHOOSHR, JOHNNYS, ASNAASHARIM, et al. Structure-antioxidant activity relationships of o-hydroxyl, o-methoxy, and alkyl ester derivatives of p-hydroxybenzoic acid[J]. Food Chemistry, 2016, 194: 128-134. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.08.003 .
[25]
HORNEDO-ORTEGAR, ÁLVAREZ-FERNÁNDEZM A, CEREZOA B, et al. Protocatechuic acid: Inhibition of fibril formation, destabilization of preformed fibrils of amyloid-β and α-synuclein, and neuroprotection[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2016, 64(41): 7722-7732. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03217 .
[26]
VISCOD B, MANHÃES-DE-CASTROR, SILVA M MDA, et al. Neonatal kaempferol exposure attenuates impact of cerebral palsy model on neuromotor development, cell proliferation, microglia activation, and antioxidant enzyme expression in the hippocampus of rats[J]. Nutritional Neuroscience, 2024, 27(1): 20-41. DOI: 10.1080/1028415X.2022.2156034 .