Mobile edge computing (MEC) in the Industrial Internet domain deploys edge servers near the terminals. It supports offloading the computation task into the industrial network edge to meet the requirements of real-time task response and terminal energy saving. Due to the complexity and dynamic nature of industrial scenarios, offloading decisions must satisfy the latency requirements of industrial applications while minimizing system costs. To tackle this challenge, we introduce an industrial task offloading strategy grounded in the deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) approach. This strategy aims to minimize total latency and energy consumption effectively. Firstly, an intelligent factory MEC system model for device-edge collaboration was constructed, and the offloading problem was formulated as a hybrid integer nonlinear programming; then, a DDPG algorithm was designed and proposed to optimize the objective function, further enhance the Quality of Service (QoS), and maximize the system’s cost savings. Simulation results demonstrate that our proposed DDPG-based strategy outperforms other approaches in reducing latency, energy consumption, and system cost.
考虑到在不同的工业场景下,需要定义的服务质量(Quality of Service,QoS)不同,为了评价工业终端设备在不同QoS下的适应性性能[23,24],通过设置不同的时延权重系数βT和能耗的权重系数βE进行实验。本组实验重在考察时延权重系数和能耗权重系数对DDPG算法性能的影响,算法在不同权重系数下时间开销和能耗开销如图6和图7所示。
LIUY, CHIC, ZHANGY W, et al. Identification and resolution for industrial Internet: Architecture and key technology[J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2022, 9(18): 16780-16794. DOI: 10.1109/JIOT.2022.3160737 .
[2]
LEEJ. A view of cloud computing[J]. International Journal of Networked and Distributed Computing, 2013, 1(1): 2. DOI: 10.2991/ijndc.2013.1.1.2 .
SHENH, WANGL Q. Task offloading based on mobile edge computing and its privacy-preserving issues: A survey[J]. Journal of Wuhan University (Natural Science Edition), 2023, 69(2): 258-269. DOI: 10.14188/j.1671-8836.2022.0187(Ch ).
NIUX, LÜX W, YUC. Edge intelligence: State-of-the-art and challenges[J]. Journal of Wuhan University (Natural Science Edition), 2023, 69(2): 270-282. DOI: 10.14188/j.1671-8836.2023.0026(Ch ).
[7]
ABBASN, ZHANGY, TAHERKORDIA, et al. Mobile edge computing: A survey[J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2018, 5(1): 450-465. DOI: 10.1109/JIOT.2017.2750180 .
[8]
MENGY F, LIJ Z. Task offloading and resource allocation mechanism of moving edge computing in mining environment[J]. IEEE Access, 2021, 9: 155534-155542. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3129464 .
[9]
ZHOUT Q, YUEY L, QIND, et al. Joint device association, resource allocation, and computation offloading in ultradense multidevice and multitask IoT networks[J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2022, 9(19): 18695-18709. DOI: 10.1109/JIOT.2022.3161670 .
[10]
ZHAOJ H, LIQ P, GONGY, et al. Computation offloading and resource allocation for cloud assisted mobile edge computing in vehicular networks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 2019, 68(8): 7944-7956. DOI: 10.1109/TVT.2019.2917890 .
[11]
XIAOZ, DAIX X, JIANGH B, et al. Vehicular task offloading via heat-aware MEC cooperation using game-theoretic method[J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2020, 7(3): 2038-2052. DOI: 10.1109/JIOT.2019.2960631 .
[12]
WANGX H, WANGK Z, WUS, et al. Dynamic resource scheduling in mobile edge cloud with cloud radio access network[J]. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 2018, 29(11): 2429-2445. DOI: 10.1109/TPDS.2018.2832124 .
[13]
HUH, SONGW W, WANGQ, et al. Energy efficiency and delay tradeoff in an MEC-enabled mobile IoT network[J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2022, 9(17): 15942-15956. DOI: 10.1109/JIOT.2022.3153847 .
[14]
YANGZ, LIUY W, CHENY, et al. Cache-aided NOMA mobile edge computing: A reinforcement learning approach[J]. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 2020, 19(10): 6899-6915. DOI: 10.1109/TWC.2020.3006922 .
[15]
ZHAOR, WANGX J, XIAJ J, et al. Deep reinforcement learning based mobile edge computing for intelligent Internet of Things[J]. Physical Communication, 2020, 43: 101184. DOI: 0.1016/j.phycom.2020.101184 .
[16]
ABDULAZEEZD H, ASKARS K. Offloading mechanisms based on reinforcement learning and deep learning algorithms in the fog computing environment[J]. IEEE Access, 1881, 11: 12555-12586. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3241881 .
[17]
TAOY C, QIUJ, LAIS Y. A hybrid cloud and edge control strategy for demand responses using deep reinforcement learning and transfer learning[J]. IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing, 2022, 10(1): 56-71. DOI: 10.1109/TCC.2021.3117580 .
[18]
GAOZ H, HAOW M, HANZ, et al. Q-learning-based task offloading and resources optimization for a collaborative computing system[J]. IEEE Access, 2020, 8: 149011-149024. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3015993 .
[19]
ALQERMI, PANJ L. Enhanced online Q-learning scheme for resource allocation with maximum utility and fairness in edge-IoT networks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering, 2020, 7(4): 3074-3086. DOI: 10.1109/TNSE.2020.3015689 .
[20]
MNIHV, KAVUKCUOGLUK, SILVERD, et al. Playing atari with deep reinforcement learning[EB/OL]. 2013: arXiv: 1312.5602.
[21]
WUY C, DINHT Q, FUY R, et al. A hybrid DQN and optimization approach for strategy and resource allocation in MEC networks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 2021, 20(7): 4282-4295. DOI: 10.1109/TWC.2021.3057882 .
[22]
CHENGW J, LIUX S, WANGX T, et al. Task offloading and resource allocation for industrial Internet of Things: A double-dueling deep Q-network approach[J]. IEEE Access, 2022, 10: 103111-103120. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3210248 .
[23]
LIUT, NIS G, LIX Q, et al. Deep reinforcement learning based approach for online service placement and computation resource allocation in edge computing[J]. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 2023, 22(7): 3870-3881. DOI: 10.1109/TMC.2022.3148254 .
[24]
YANGY, HUY L, GURSOYM C. Deep reinforcement learning and optimization based green mobile edge computing[C]//2021 IEEE 18th Annual Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC). New York: IEEE Press, 2021: 1-2. DOI: 10.1109/CCNC49032.2021.9369566 .
[25]
LIJ, QINZ W, LIUW, et al. Energy-aware and trust-collaboration cross-domain resource allocation algorithm for edge-cloud workflows[J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2023, PP(99): 1. DOI: 10.1109/JIOT.2023.3315339 .
[26]
QINZ W, LIJ, LIUW, YUX. Mobility-aware and energy-efficient task offloading strategy for mobile edge workflows[J]. Wuhan Univ J of Nat Sci, 2022, 27(6):476-488. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/wujns/2022276476 .