1.Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing,Ministry of Education,School of Cyber Science and Engineering,Wuhan University,Wuhan 430072,Hubei,China
2.GNSS Research Center,Wuhan University,Wuhan 430072,Hubei,China
DNA assembly is a crucial step in genomic research. Traditional genome assembly algorithms based on second-generation sequencing technology have the following problems: 1) they cannot guarantee the integrity and accuracy of the data; 2) they cannot handle the problem of assembling mixed species genome sequences; 3) they consume a large amount of memory space; and 4) they lack security guarantees. A DNA assembly algorithm based on a Hash-based message authentication code(HMAC), HMDA, is proposed to address these issues. In the DNA assembly process, HMAC technology is used to encode assembly information, and the properties of codons are used to embed HMAC-encrypted information content into the genome. This information is extracted as a key basis for screening the correct sequence when performing the assembly operations. In addition, HMDA maps different keys to different species or users individually, enabling species-specific or user-specific authentication. Experimental results show that this algorithm has the following advantages over other assembly algorithms:1) it can generate accurate and complete assembly results for sequencing libraries that theoretically recover genomes;2) it can assemble different species from mixed-species genomic data;3) it utilizes at most 33.4% of the space resources required by other algorithms; 4) it enhances security by producing different assembly results for authorized and ordinary users. HMDA can detect data tampering and return error status codes.
DONGY M, SUNF J, PINGZ, et al. DNA storage: Research landscape and future prospects[J]. National Science Review, 2020, 7(6): 1092-1107. DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa007 .
[2]
RUANC H, HANR D, LIY X, et al. Efficient DNA-based image coding and storage[C]//2023 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS). New York: IEEE Press, 2023: 1-5. DOI: 10.1109/ISCAS46773.2023.10182162 .
XUP, FANGG, SHIX L, et al. DNA storage and its research progress[J]. Journal of Electronics & Information Technology, 2020, 42(6): 1326-1331. DOI: 10.11999/JEIT190863(Ch ).
[5]
GIANIA M, GALLOG R, GIANFRANCESCHIL, et al. Long walk to genomics: History and current approaches to genome sequencing and assembly[J]. Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal, 2019, 18: 9-19. DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2019.11.002 .
[6]
HUT S, CHITNISN, MONOSD, et al. Next-generation sequencing technologies: An overview[J]. Human Immunology, 2021, 82(11): 801-811. DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2021.02.012 .
[7]
KUMARK R, COWLEYM J, DAVISR L. Next-generation sequencing and emerging technologies[J]. Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis, 2019, 45(7): 661-673. DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1688446 .
CUIJ S, XUEH, WANGL L, et al. LEDA: A DNA sequence assembly algorithm based on levenshtein distance[J]. Journal of Wuhan University (Natural Science Edition), 2022, 68(3): 271-278. DOI: 10.14188/j.1671-8836.2021.0079(Ch ).
[10]
ZERBINOD R, BIRNEYE. Velvet: Algorithms for de novo short read assembly using de Bruijn graphs[J]. Genome Research, 2008, 18(5): 821-829. DOI: 10.1101/gr.074492.107 .
[11]
SHIH H, WUG. Gene sequence assembly algorithm model based on the DBG strategy and its application[J]. Journal of Healthcare Engineering, 2021, 2021: 6676194. DOI: 10.1155/2021/6676194 .
[12]
DE LA BASTIDEM, MCCOMBIEW R. Assembling genomic DNA sequences with PHRAP[J]. Current Protocols in Bioinformatics, 2007, 11: 11.4.1-11.4.15. DOI: 10.1002/0471250953.bi1104s17 .
[13]
RANADEVP, K.HKURMINDLA. Genome assembly:The art of creating a big thing from millions of small things[J]. Microbiology,2021,(05):39.
[14]
BANKEVICHA, NURKS, ANTIPOVD, et al. SPAdes: A new genome assembly algorithm and its applications to single-cell sequencing[J]. Journal of Computational Biology: A Journal of Computational Molecular Cell Biology, 2012, 19(5): 455-477. DOI: 10.1089/cmb.2012.0021 .
XIEJ. Research on differential power analysis method of HMAC-SM3[D].Shanghai: Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 2016. DOI: 10.27307/d.cnki.gsjtu.2016.001955(Ch ).
ZHANGC, FANH Y, LIUW J. Application of HMAC in the IPSec and SSL[J]. China New Telecommunications, 2008, 10(11): 22-25. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4866.2008.11.005(Ch ).
LID F, WANGF, ZHAOG H. A real-time HMAC-SM3 acceleration engine for large network traffic[J]. Computer Engineering & Science, 2021, 43(1): 82-88. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-130X.2021.01.010(Ch ).
[22]
SRINIVASANS, SHIVAKUMARK B, MUAZZAMM. HMAC-RSA: A security mechanism in cognitive radio for enhancing the security in a radio cognitive system[J]. Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, 2019, 36(5): 4449-4459. DOI: 10.3233/jifs-169999 .
HUQ M. Research and design of privacy protection range query protocol for sensor networks based on compressed HMAC algorithm[D].Guilin: Guilin University of Technology, 2022. DOI: 10.27050/d.cnki.gglgc.2022.000405(Ch ).
BONNETJ, COLOTTEM, COUDYD, et al. Chain and conformation stability of solid-state DNA: Implications for room temperature storage[J]. Nucleic Acids Research, 2010, 38(5): 1531-1546. DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkp1060 .
[27]
GIBSOND G. Synthesis of DNA fragments in yeast by one-step assembly of overlapping oligonucleotides[J]. Nucleic Acids Research, 2009, 37(20): 6984-6990. DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkp687 .
[28]
PAGHR, RODLERF F. Cuckoo hashing[J]. Journal of Algorithms, 2004, 51(2): 122-144. DOI: 10.1016/j.jalgor.2003.12.002 .
[29]
DEVROYEL, MORINP. Cuckoo hashing: Further analysis[J]. Information Processing Letters, 2003,86(4): 215-219. DOI: 10.1016/S0020-0190(02)00500-8 .