Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing,Ministry of Education,School of Cyber Science and Engineering,Wuhan University,Wuhan 430072,Hubei,China
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文章历史+
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Published
2024-02-23
2025-04-24
Issue Date
2026-07-23
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摘要
组密钥协商协议用于解决多个参与方在不安全的通信网络中的组消息传递安全问题。然而现有方案存在通信效率低、计算开销大、群组规模难以扩大、安全性不足等问题。针对组密钥协商中的这些问题,设计了一种可聚合共享棘轮树算法,并基于此提出了一个基于可聚合广播的安全可追溯组密钥协商协议(Traceable Group Key Agreement,TGKA)。TGKA协议将基于签名的可聚合广播方案与密钥封装的思想结合,通过棘轮树将用户划分为多个子组,在子组之间进行密钥协商,从而减小其在计算与通信上的开销,实现了动态组的高效密钥更新。实验结果表明,在确保了组密钥协商协议安全性的同时,TGKA协议能够降低群组发送者与接收者的通信复杂度,在数十至数百用户的中型组中具备一定的可行性。
Abstract
Group key agreement protocols are designed to address the security issues of group message transmission among multiple participants in an insecure communication network. However, existing solutions often suffer from low communication efficiency, high computational overhead, difficulty in scaling group sizes, and insufficient security issues. To address these problems in group key agreement, a novel aggregatable shared ratchet tree algorithm is designed. Based on this, a secure and traceable group key agreement(TGKA) protocol is proposed. The TGKA protocol combines a signature-based aggregatable broadcast scheme with the concept of key encapsulation. The protocol reduces computational and communication overhead by using a ratcheting tree to divide users into multiple subgroups and perform key agreements within these subgroups, achieving efficient key updates for dynamic groups. The experimental results indicate that while ensuring the security of the group key agreement protocol, the TGKA protocol can reduce the communication complexity for both group senders and receivers. This demonstrates a certain level of feasibility in medium-sized groups with tens to hundreds of users.
为了更好地解决群组通信协议中存在的问题,有学者提出了基于树的群密钥协商协议方案[4-5],包括二叉树结构[6-7]与三叉树结构[8],这些方案通过树结构能够将群组用户的通信开销从降低到。近几年出现了更多采用树结构的复杂协议,这类协议以密钥树为主体结构,采用将消息广播加密的形式完成组密钥的协商。Cohn-Gordon等[9]提出了专门为现代安全群组消息应用设计的名为异步棘轮树(Asynchronous Ratcheting Trees,ART)的协议,该协议提供了密钥保密性、认证、前向保密性、后向安全性和非交互性,但没有定义动态群组成员身份的机制。Bhargavan等[10]开发了一种名为TreeKEM的系统,克服了ART的局限性,支持用户的并发更新,但在某些情况下会削弱后向安全性,并且无法追溯到因密钥泄漏而受损的用户。而Alwen等[1,11]认为ART、TreeKEM的核心算法都是一种新型密码原语的变体,他们将这种新原语命名为异步连续组密钥协商(Continuous Group Key Agreement,CGKA),并提出了服务器辅助的连续组密钥协议(Server-Aided Continuous Group Key Agreement,SAIK)。CGKA和SAIK分别在密钥生成算法和服务器辅助上对TreeKEM协议做了修改,但仍然未解决密钥泄露的追溯问题。
Weidner等[12]提出了一种去中心化安全组消息传递协议(Decentralized Continuous Group Key Agreement,DCGKA),该协议没有使用CGKA协议方案中的树结构,而是对原有的协议进行了去中心化的处理,解决了CGKA和SAIK等方案中密钥泄露的追溯问题;Yang等[13]提出了基于ECDH和短签名的组密钥协议,并在此基础上添加了短签名实现了认证属性。虽然DCGKA和基于ECDH和短签名的组密钥协议满足了更多的安全属性,但它们的通信开销与计算复杂度为,仍存在群组规模难以扩展、效率低的问题。
Game 0表示原始安全实验中的游戏。令表示在Game i中所有攻击者的优势的最大值。本文的目标是界定,即对于安全实验的任何攻击者的优势。
Game 0定义为原始协议,因此攻击者的优势为:
Game 1和Game 0基本相同,唯一的区别在于挑战者在为群组用户生成公私钥对时,如果用户私钥发生碰撞,则挑战者将中止安全游戏。由于协议最多可以建立个群组且每个群组最多有个群组成员,于是可以得到:
Game 2和Game 1基本相同,唯一的区别在于挑战者将替换所有会话中所有的组密钥。由于在为每一次组密钥更新时,采用密钥派生函数为每一次组密钥更新生成新密钥,在询问过程中,挑战者将用随机密文替换由KDF函数计算所得密文。如果攻击者可以区分Game 1和Game 2,那么就可以利用攻击者的能力构造出一个攻击者攻击KDF函数的单向性,而协议最多可以建立个群组且每个群组最多执行次组密钥生成,于是可以得到:
Game 3和Game 2的不同之处在于:挑战者将替换会话中所有基于ASBB方案中的封装密钥。具体而言,在询问阶段,每经过一次和查询,群组状态发生一次变动,组密钥重新协商后由挑战者执行协议的对应操作(添加用户、删除用户或密钥更新)将封装密文发送到对应子组并解密。如果攻击者可以区分Game 2和Game 3,那么就可以利用攻击者的能力构造出一个攻击者攻击ASBB方案的密文不可区分性。由于协议最多可以建立个群组且最多执行次阶段状态改变,每一次状态改变挑战者都依据树结构执行次密钥封装,于是可以得到:
Game 4和Game 3基本相同,唯一的区别在于挑战者开始猜测攻击者选择查询的阶段(u',s',t'),如果攻击者发出的中(u,s,t)≠(u',s',t'),那么挑战者中止游戏且攻击者失败。因为挑战者的猜测和攻击者选择阶段相对独立,所以有:
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