We prepared WO3 thin films with different oxygen vacancies on (100)-oriented GaAs substrates by pulsed laser deposition. Under the conditions of deposition temperature of 375 °C, oxygen pressure of a 10-30 Pa, and annealing time of 0.5 h, the oxygen-vacancy WO3 thin films with controllable conductivity were prepared, and their resistivity was between that of WO2 and WO3, which increased with increasing of oxygen pressure. In the spin-pumping experiment of the WO3/Py samples, we detected a significant inverse spin Hall voltage and an enhancement of the Gilbert damping factor (up to 3.48×10-3), which indicated that there were inverse spin Hall and spin-pumping effects in the oxygen-vacancy WO3/Py system. Theoretical analysis shows that the spin Hall angle of the oxygen-vacancy WO3 film is as high as -2.934, which is much larger than that of common heavy metal materials. First-principles calculations show that the high spin-to-charge conversion efficiency of the oxygen-vacancy WO3 originates from the occupation of the strong spin-orbit coupling W atom at the Fermi surface. The results show that oxygen-vacancy WO3 thin films have particular potential for application in spintronic devices.
为了验证氧空位WO3的实验结果,借助VASP软件包,使用第一性原理计算分别对单斜相WO3不同氧空位含量下的不同结构进行模拟计算。图5(a)和图5(b)分别为完整和含氧空位情况下的单斜相WO3晶胞结构和态密度图(Density of States, DOS),插图为对应的晶体结构。图中可见在无氧空位的情况下,导带和价带之间存在较宽的禁带,且费米能级(EF)从禁带中穿过,这说明无氧空位的WO3呈现绝缘态。用氧空位将WO3晶胞中一个c轴氧离子取代后(如图5(b)所示),便获得了掺入氧空位含量达到4%左右的缺氧WO3结构。计算结果表明,费米能级穿过了原先的价带,使材料中的电子在电场的作用下移动形成电流。即费米能级附近存在的态密度分布,说明此时含4%氧空位掺杂已经足够使WO3变成导体。观察更多的计算结果后还发现,进一步增加氧空位含量会使费米能级附近填充的5d轨道电子增加,进而增加材料的导电性,这与氧空位导电WO3薄膜的实验结果相对应。5d轨道电子具有强SOC,而强的自旋轨道耦合往往会导致材料中出现较大的自旋霍尔角。从图5中还可看出,氧空位WO3费米能级附近的态密度主要由W的5d电子贡献,由此带来的强SOC作用可以很好地解释实验中出现的大自旋霍尔角[12]。
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