DNA sequences serve as an effective non-uniform data storage medium. However, existing approaches face challenges in efficiently utilizing this storage medium or suffer from low computational efficiency due to various biological constraints. So, we prosose a novel algorithm called Streamed Mixed Radix Coding (SMRC). This algorithm adeptly addresses the situation of non-uniform radix distribution in non-uniform storage media, such as DNA, and maximizes the information entropy of the coding space at lower computational complexity through streaming computation. This approach fully exploits the storage capacity of non-uniform storage media. Analysis reveals that the algorithm can linearly encode results close to the theoretical maximum information entropy on any mixed radix storage medium. Moreover, the algorithm demonstrates simplicity in its workflow, ease of implementation, and clear technological advantages.
GUM, LIX P, CAOY Y. Optical storage arrays: A perspective for future big data storage[J]. Light: Science & Applications, 2014, 3(5): e177. DOI:10.1038/lsa.2014.58 .
[2]
CEVALLOSY, NAKANOT, TELLO-OQUENDOL, et al. A brief review on DNA storage, compression, and digitalization[J]. Nano Communication Networks, 2022, 31: 100391. DOI:10.1016/j.nancom.2021.100391 .
ZANX Z, YAOX Y, XUP, et al. A survey on file architecture in DNA storage[J]. Journal of Electronics & Information Technology, 2023, 45(6): 1911-1920. DOI: 10.11999/JEIT220561 .
WEIY N, LIUQ, QIH. Integrated DNA storage system for massive digital data[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering, 2025, 42(1): 173-182. DOI: 10.13353/j.issn.1004.9533.20220337 .
DINGS M. DNA storage technology and the possibility of its application in archival information storage[J]. China Archives, 2022(7): 60-62.
[9]
GRANTHAMR, GAUTIERC, GOUYM, et al. Codon catalog usage and the genome hypothesis[J]. Nucleic Acids Research, 1980, 8(1): r49-r62. DOI:10.1093/nar/8.1.197-c .
[10]
BORNHOLTJ, LOPEZR, CARMEAND M, et al. Toward a DNA-based archival storage system[J]. IEEE Micro, 2017, 37(3): 98-104. DOI:10.1109/MM.2017.70 .
[11]
RUDNERB. Construction of minimum-redundance codes with an optimum synchronizing property[J]. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 1971, 17(4): 478-487. DOI:10.1109/TIT.1971.1054657 .
[12]
RISSANENJ, LANGDONG G. Arithmetic coding[J]. IBM Journal of Research and Development, 1979, 23(2): 149-162. DOI:10.1147/rd.232.0149 .
[13]
RISSANENJ J. Generalized kraft inequality and arithmetic coding[J]. IBM Journal of Research and Development, 1976, 20(3): 198-203. DOI:10.1147/rd.203.0198 .
[14]
LANGDONG G. An introduction to arithmetic coding[J]. IBM Journal of Research and Development, 1984, 28(2): 135-149. DOI:10.1147/rd.282.0135 .
[15]
WITTENI H, NEALR M, CLEARYJ G. Arithmetic coding for data compression[J]. Communications of the ACM, 1987, 30(6): 520-540. DOI:10.1145/214762.214771 .
[16]
PENNEBAKERW B, MITCHELLJ L, LANGDONG G, et al. An overview of the basic principles of the Q-Coder adaptive binary arithmetic coder[J]. IBM Journal of Research and Development, 1988, 32(6): 717-726. DOI:10.1147/rd.326.0717 .
[17]
HUFFMAND A. A method for the construction of minimum-redundancy codes[J]. Resonance, 2006, 11(2): 91-99. DOI:10.1007/BF02837279 .
[18]
HUFFMAND A. A method for the construction of minimum-redundancy codes[J]. Proceedings of the IRE, 1952, 40(9): 1098-1101. DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1952.273898 .
[19]
MARTING N N. Range encoding: An algorithm for removing redundancy from a digitised message[EB/OL]. [2024-06-16].
[20]
DUDAJ, TAHBOUBK, GADGILN J, et al. The use of asymmetric numeral systems as an accurate replacement for Huffman coding[EB/OL]. [2015-07-30]. DOI: 10.1109/pcs.2015.7170048 .
[21]
YOKOOH, DUBÉD. Asymptotic optimality of asymmetric numeral systems[EB/OL]. [2024-05-26].
[22]
DUBÉD, YOKOOH. Empirical evaluation of the effect of the symbol distribution on the performance of ANS[EB/OL]. [2024-05-27].
[23]
YOKOOH. On the stationary distribution of asymmetric binary systems[C]//2016 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT). New York: IEEE Press, 2016: 11-15. DOI: 10.1109/ISIT.2016.7541051 .
[24]
SHIMANOVSKYB, FENGJ, POTKONJAKM. Hiding data in DNA[C]//Information Hiding. Berlin: Springer, 2003: 373-386. DOI:10.1007/3-540-36415-3_24 .
[25]
MODEGIT. Watermark embedding techniques for DNA sequences using codon usage bias features[EB/OL]. [2024-05-30].
[26]
HAUGHTOND, BALADOF. BioCode: Two biologically compatible algorithms for embedding data in non-coding and coding regions of DNA[J]. BMC Bioinformatics, 2013, 14: 121. DOI:10.1186/1471-2105-14-121 .
[27]
CHOIY, RYU T, LEEA C, et al. High information capacity DNA-based data storage with augmented encoding characters using degenerate bases[J]. Scientific Reports, 2019, 9: 6582. DOI:10.1038/s41598-019-43105-w .
[28]
ABDULLAHA A, EESAA S, ABDOA M. New data hiding approach based on biological functionality of DNA sequence[J]. Science Journal of University of Zakho, 2019, 7(4): 184-189. DOI:10.25271/sjuoz.2019.7.4.647 .
[29]
LIUQ, WANGP C, CUIJ S, et al. MRC: A high density encoding method for pratical DNA-based storage[C]//2020 Eighth International Conference on Advanced Cloud and Big Data (CBD). New York: IEEE Press, 2020: 13-19. DOI:10.1109/CBD51900.2020.0001 .
[30]
BALADOF. On the embedding capacity of DNA strands under substitution, insertion, and deletion mutations[EB/OL]. [2024-06-03].
[31]
LENZA, SIEGELP H, WACHTER-ZEHA, et al. An upper bound on the capacity of the DNA storage channel[C]//2019 IEEE Information Theory Workshop (ITW). New York: IEEE Press, 2019: 1-5. DOI:10.1109/ITW44776.2019.8989388 .
[32]
LENZA, SIEGELP H, WACHTER-ZEHA, et al. Achieving the capacity of the DNA storage channel[C]//ICASSP 2020—2020 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). New York: IEEE Press, 2020: 8846-8850. DOI:10.1109/ICASSP40776.2020.9053049 .
[33]
SHANNONC E. A mathematical theory of communication[J]. Bell System Technical Journal, 1948, 27(3): 379-423. DOI:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x .