模块化钢结构关键构件与结构整体性能研究进展

许峰 ,  卢欣雅 ,  贾连光

建筑钢结构进展 ›› 2026, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (03) : 1 -16.

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建筑钢结构进展 ›› 2026, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (03) : 1 -16. DOI: 10.13969/j.jzgjgjz.20251031003

模块化钢结构关键构件与结构整体性能研究进展

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Research Advances on Behavior of Key Components and Overall Structure of Modular Steel Structures

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摘要

模块化钢结构建筑作为一种新型建筑结构形式,是由工厂预制独立模块单元并在施工现场组装而成的。其标准化的生产流程和灵活的装配方式,在施工效率和可持续性方面优势显著,契合国家推动建筑行业工业化发展的政策方向,现已在现代建筑领域实现快速发展。国内外学者围绕该结构体系开展了广泛研究,但我国模块化钢结构建筑的研究整体仍处于初步发展阶段,尚存在若干关键问题亟待解决,如关键构件间拼合协同的传力机制尚不明晰,结构整体性能及抗连续倒塌能力的研究仍存在明显不足等。文中系统梳理了近年来关于模块化钢结构建筑体系的研究进展,按照“从构件层面递进至体系层面”的逻辑展开论述,以柱类构件(单柱、拼合柱)、叠合梁以及结构整体性能为研究重点,首先聚焦方钢管柱、复杂角形截面柱等单个核心构件,分析其独立受力性能;在此基础上,进一步研究拼合柱、叠合梁等拼合类构件,探究构件间协同工作机制与力学响应规律;最终延伸至结构整体性能层面展开分析。最后,在总结现有研究成果的基础上,提出未来值得深入探索的研究方向,以期为该领域的持续发展提供参考。

Abstract

Modular steel buildings represent an emerging structural system composed of factory-fabricated, self-contained modular units that are assembled on-site. Owing to their standardized production processes and flexible assembly methods, they demonstrate outstanding performance in terms of construction efficiency and sustainability. These advantages align well with national policies promoting the industrialization of the construction sector, leading to the rapid development of modular steel buildings in modern architecture. Extensive research has been conducted worldwide on this structural form. However, in China, studies on modular steel buildings are still at a preliminary stage, and several critical issues remain to be resolved. The collaborative load transfer mechanism between key structural components has yet to be clearly elucidated, and research on the overall structural behavior and progressive collapse resistance remains insufficient. This paper systematically reviews the recent research advances in modular steel building systems, and elaborates the discussion according to the logic of progressing from the component level to the system level. Focusing on column components (single columns and built-up columns), laminated beams and the overall structural performance, individual core components such as square steel tubular columns and complex angular section columns are first examined to analyze their independent mechanical performance. On this basis, the discussion is further extended to built-up components, including built-up columns and laminated beams, to explore the collaborative working mechanism and mechanical response characteristics between components. Finally, the overall structural performance level is then further addressed. In the end, based on the comprehensive review of existing research outcomes, potential directions for future studies are proposed to address the identified knowledge gaps and to support the continuous development and practical application of modular steel structures.

关键词

模块化钢结构 / 模块柱 / 模块梁 / 结构整体性能 / 协同工作机制 / 研究进展

Key words

modular steel structure / modular column / modular beam / overall structural performance / collaborative working mechanism / research progress

引用本文

引用格式 ▾
许峰,卢欣雅,贾连光. 模块化钢结构关键构件与结构整体性能研究进展[J]. 建筑钢结构进展, 2026, 28(03): 1-16 DOI:10.13969/j.jzgjgjz.20251031003

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新时代以来,我国大力推进建筑工业化发展,在建筑施工过程中采用更简便、智能、环保的施工方式1-2,这对提高建筑工程质量、推动行业可持续发展具有重要意义。推动装配式建筑的规模化发展是实现建筑工业化转型的关键路径3-4。模块化钢结构建筑作为装配式建筑的重要类型,以工厂预制、现场拼接为特点,兼具施工高效、绿色环保、抗震性能优异等优势5-7,凭借高度工业化、高效建造和绿色环保的特征,在高层建筑和大跨度结构中展现出显著的应用潜力。该结构形式是建筑装配化高度发展的成果,符合产业升级趋势和节能环保理念8-10,具备较强的竞争力和广阔的发展空间11
在我国建筑业向现代化转型的过程中,模块化钢结构建筑的技术规范体系已逐步构建,众多学者围绕该领域开展了大量研究,研究内容涵盖模块化钢结构关键构件的力学性能与整体结构性能。其中,关键构件的力学性能是决定整体结构稳定性、抗侧性能、抗震性等核心性能的基础,而整体结构的受力需求又反向对关键构件的设计标准形成约束。本文从方钢管柱、复杂角形截面柱、拼合柱与叠合梁等关键构件,以及模块化钢结构整体性能等方面,综述近年来模块化钢结构建筑体系的研究成果,最后对研究内容进行总结,并提出未来可能的研究方向。

1 模块柱受力性能分析

在模块化钢结构体系中,柱类构件是承担荷载的关键单元,其力学性能直接关系到建筑结构的安全性与可靠性。当前相关研究主要聚焦于方钢管柱、开口截面柱与拼合柱等类型,围绕其受力机理、连接构造与设计方法展开探索,为模块化钢结构的体系化设计奠定了基础。

1.1 方钢管柱受力性能分析

方钢管柱是模块化钢结构中应用广泛的竖向承重构件,其受力性能与连接节点的构造设计,直接影响模块化钢结构建筑整体的受力性能。现有研究普遍关注方钢管柱与连接构造的协同受力机制,如表1所示。DENG等12提出了带凸榫钢柱形式,研究了榫头尺寸对构件性能的影响,并讨论了相应的设计方法;张周等13针对内套筒-对穿螺栓构造,研究了内套筒与螺栓相关参数对柱轴压受力性能的影响;KHAN等14-15通过试验和有限元分析发现,剪切键几何参数对柱性能具有重要影响,且现行规范《钢结构设计标准》(GB 50017—2017)、AISC 360-16等对其承载力的计算结果普遍高估超10%,存在一定工程安全隐患。

总体来看,插槽式榫头连接能有效提升柱的轴向承载力和整体刚度,且施工操作便捷,但其抗震性能有待深入验证;内套筒连接对提高截面刚度与承载力效果显著,尤其适用于宽厚比较小的柱,然而开孔会削弱构件局部强度,且相关抗震研究不足;剪切键连接在提供良好抗侧力与转动能力方面表现突出,适用于抗震要求较高的工程场景,但其非焊接形式会降低柱的轴向承载力,且对安装精度要求较高。综合而言,榫头连接在传力效率与施工便利性上优势明显,剪切键连接则在抗震方面具备更大发展潜力。目前,模块化建筑领域针对方钢管柱的系统性试验研究较少,且现有试验多聚焦于轴压性能,缺乏对偏压性能、抗震性能的分析,难以充分考虑施工缺陷、初始缺陷等实际工程情况。因此,方钢管柱设计方法的标准化与施工可行性仍需进一步研究。

1.2 复杂卷边角形截面柱受力性能分析

除方钢管外,模块化钢结构中还常采用复杂卷边角形截面的开口截面柱作为竖向承重构件。与方钢管柱的闭口截面形式不同,开口截面便于在建筑中进行各类构造处理,因此得到了广泛应用。已有研究从多个角度对该类构件的轴压与偏压性能开展了系统探索,如表2所示。文献[16-20]分别对复杂卷边角形截面冷弯薄壁型钢柱的轴心受压性能进行研究,并提出了相应的设计计算公式;文献[21-23]分别对复杂卷边角形截面冷弯薄壁型钢柱的偏心受压性能进行研究,同样提出了相应的设计计算公式。

现有研究通过试验与有限元相结合的方法,研究了该类构件在不同加载轴、不同偏心方向等工况下的承载力和破坏模式,通过揭示局部、畸变与整体屈曲之间的相互作用关系,提出了多种基于直接强度法(DSM)的修正设计表达式,初步建立了适用于该类非对称复杂截面的设计体系,并指出现行规范在处理复杂卷边构造及截面非对称性方面存在的不足,为相关标准的修订提供了理论依据与试验支撑。但由于该类截面通常具有双轴不对称及多次卷边的特点,其稳定性能和屈曲模式表现出高度复杂性,且现有研究未考虑截面形心与剪心不一致带来的影响,提出的设计方法存在一定局限性。同时国内外现行规范尚未将此类复杂非对称截面构件纳入适用范围,因此,研究其稳定承载力及适用的设计方法,具有重要的理论意义和工程价值。

1.3 拼合柱协同受力性能分析

在柱构件设计中,国内外学者将多根单柱拼合形成“拼合柱”(如剪力键组合柱、外包钢板柱等),以提升竖向承载能力,并实现模块间力的协同传递。与传统独立钢柱相比,拼合柱的整体刚度与承载能力较高,如表3所示。

王霄翔等24研究了单柱及不同拼合模式组合柱在轴压作用下的失效模式与承载力;徐亚冲25、杨超等26提出外包钢板柱-柱组合连接形式,分析了柱-柱组合的强度破坏与失稳破坏模式;杨超27、杨超等28在此基础上对外包钢板进行了优化,并对其开展受力机理分析;张昀路29提出一种全螺栓连接的模块化装配式四柱拼接组合柱,通过轴压试验与有限元模拟系统研究其受力性能,并提出了相应的稳定承载力设计方法;安琦等30提出自锁式连接系统,研究发现该系统能显著提升模块柱间的协同工作性能和整体承载力;孙瑛志等31通过理论推导与有限元验证,分析了填板对槽钢组合柱抗侧刚度的增强作用;邓恩峰等32通过有限元模拟分析了模块化钢结构“簇柱”的轴压性能,系统研究了钢材强度、宽厚比、长细比等参数对其力学性能的影响规律;KHAN等33研究了4个不同剪切键高度和厚度的钢剪力键组合管状柱的轴压性能。

总结发现,现有拼合柱的构造形式均可在工厂预制,再于施工现场通过螺栓或连接板完成组装,施工便捷;不同拼合方式均能提升构件的整体承载力,其中外包钢板、自锁式连接的拼合柱承载能力提升效果更为显著,但自锁式连接锁扣加工对精度要求较高,施工成本相对偏高。当前关于拼合柱的研究已取得诸多阶段性成果:构造类型方面,涵盖了剪力键连接、外包钢板、自锁式连接等多种形式,体现出较强的结构适应性与工程应用潜力;研究手段方面,广泛采用足尺试验、有限元模拟及理论推导等方式,实现试验与数值分析的相互验证;此外,多项研究基于参数分析建立了相关稳定系数表达式、DSM修正方法及换算公式,初步形成了拼合柱设计理论雏形。但由于拼合柱存在构件几何复杂、屈曲机制多样等问题,其在设计理论与规范适用性方面仍面临挑战。因此,深入研究模块化钢结构中拼合柱的力学性能、构造连接机制及规范设计方法,具有重要的理论意义与工程价值。

2 叠合梁协同受力性能分析

在模块化建筑的施工安装中,由于施工空间限制,上下模块的地板梁与天花板梁相互分离,模块间的相互约束较弱34-35,不仅无法保证模块化建筑的整体稳定性,也难以充分发挥构件的力学性能,为提高上下模块梁的协同受力性能,研究者提出通过螺栓、连接板等构造将地板梁与天花板梁连接,形成“叠合梁”结构,从而有效减少构件间的滑移,提升结构整体稳定性。

针对这一问题,国内外学者围绕梁与梁之间的连接形式开展了大量研究,主要通过静载试验与有限元分析,揭示了不同连接构造与截面配置下叠合梁的受力性能,相关研究内容如表4所示。对于方钢管梁,秦福阳36、常鸿飞等37提出将上下模块方钢管梁通过连接端板与对拉螺栓实现叠合受力的连接方法,研究其协同受弯性能与破坏机理;安琦等38提出通过自锁式连接件连接上下模块单元梁,研究这一新型构件的传力机理及破坏模式。

对于H型钢梁,DENG等39探究了螺栓连接的H型钢叠合梁的受弯性能,重点揭示了不同螺栓连接对叠合梁协同受力机制的影响规律;LIU等40-41研究了模块化建筑中不同连接形式双梁结构的协同受力性能,重点探究了不同双梁连接形式以及模块间连接刚度对结构承载力、刚度及破坏模式的影响,并提出相应的设计方法与理论模型。对于槽钢梁,XU等42-47系统性研究了模块化钢结构建筑中叠层槽钢梁的弯曲性能、界面滑移行为及其协同工作机制,形成了从试验、数值模拟到理论分析的全链条研究体系。并进一步开展了子框架试验,研究了双梁结构的叠合作用对模块化钢结构建筑的影响。

总结可知,各类叠合梁连接形式均具有良好的传力效率,有效提高了上下梁间的相互约束作用,增强了模块化结构的整体性;其中自锁式连接、内外插接连接的施工操作较为便捷,但自锁式连接的锁扣自锁式连接对加工工艺要求较高,施工成本偏高,而内外插接连接的抗弯承载力相较于螺栓连接的抗弯承载力较低。

当前关于模块化钢结构中叠合梁的研究,在构造形式、滑移机理、理论建模与试验验证等方面已取得一系列代表性成果。连接构造方面,学者们提出了外挂插件、内插插件、抗剪螺栓等多样化构造形式,拓展了叠合梁的工程适用范围;理论建模方面,建立了界面刚度表达式以及滑移刚度控制模型,逐步完善了叠合梁协同滑移分析体系;性能提升方面,多数叠合构造均可通过提供水平抗剪力,提高结构整体性,有效提升构件的初始刚度和极限承载力,同时改善其变形能力;试验方面,DIC等技术被应用于滑移监测与力学行为识别,试验方法逐步成熟。

叠合梁作为模块化钢结构中连接上下模块梁构件的重要形式,在提升连接刚度、控制滑移变形、增强结构整体协同性方面发挥着关键作用。但目前相关研究仍停留在构件层次,对叠合钢梁在框架体系中的力学行为研究较少,缺乏对模块梁、柱、节点之间协同受力机制的深入探讨。

3 模块化钢结构整体性能研究

随着模块化钢结构在多层与高层建筑中的推广应用,其抗震安全性、抗连续倒塌能力以及整体结构鲁棒性受到越来越多的关注。模块结构由多个独立单元通过连接节点拼装形成,荷载传递路径复杂,加剧了极端荷载作用下结构整体响应的不确定性。因此,围绕模块化结构在地震、局部构件失效等情景下的性能开展研究,具有重要理论意义与工程应用价值。

抗震性能研究方面的相关研究成果如表5所示。文献[48-50]均围绕模块化钢结构的抗震性能优化展开研究,分别从抗震响应参数化分析、分布式抗震设计验证、三维隔震技术创新三个方向开展探索。其中,传统抗震设计优化方法更适用于已有模块化结构的性能评估和局部优化,通过优化参数提升结构抗震性能;分布式抗震设计方法可以提高结构冗余度和抗震韧性,增强整体抗震性能,适用于中高层模块化建筑;三维隔震技术通过隔震装置隔离地震能量输入,采用竖向与水平隔震分离设计,适用于高层建筑或抗震要求较高的建筑工程。

模块抗连续倒塌及鲁棒性方面的相关研究成果如表6所示。文献[51-63]以模块化钢框架结构的抗连续倒塌性能与结构鲁棒性为核心,通过试验、数值模拟及非线性静力/动力分析等方法,从局部构件或模块突然移除的工况出发,分析破坏触发后荷载重分布与破坏蔓延路径,并提出相应的结构性缓解构造措施。

目前关于模块化钢结构整体性能的研究,已在抗震性能、抗连续倒塌机制与鲁棒性评估等方面取得了显著进展。抗震性能方面,提出了多种连接刚度建模方法及三维隔震构造,试验证明相关方法和构造在减小层间位移、提升结构耗能能力方面效果显著;在倒塌路径方面,相关研究揭示了关键构件失效后,模块结构传力路径的重构规律及连续倒塌的演化机制,并提出了系统性的缓解策略;鲁棒性评估方面,学者们构建了基于脆性分析的概率评估方法,量化了连接构造、结构层数等因素对结构整体鲁棒性的综合影响;建模策略方面,提出了考虑连接柔性与非线性变形特征的多尺度模型,显著提升了结构在地震和倒塌情景下的响应分析精度。

尽管如此,相关研究仍面临诸多挑战:当前多数研究仍以数值模拟为主,缺乏足够的整体结构抗震及抗倒塌试验数据作为支撑;部分研究中的连接建模依然采用理想化的刚接或铰接模型,未能充分反映实际连接中的非线性滑移、残余变形等关键特性;此外,对于地震、火灾、爆炸等极端工况叠加效应的响应评估仍较为缺乏,尚未形成系统的设计策略;目前仍缺少面向模块化建筑整体性能的专门抗倒塌设计准则与鲁棒性评价标准,工程应用层面的规范支撑亟待完善。

4 结论

本文从柱类构件和叠合梁构造出发,系统梳理了各类关键构件在受力性能、连接构造、建模方法与设计方法方面的研究进展,同时结合近年来模块化钢结构在整体抗震性能、抗倒塌能力与鲁棒性评估方面的研究成果,全面呈现了该结构在构件与体系层面的发展现状。尽管现有研究取得了阶段性成果,但仍存在若干问题与挑战,未来可从以下方面开展深入研究:

方钢管柱方面,需要在偏压、受弯和循环荷载条件下开展系统性试验,完善对高长细比构件及施工缺陷的认知,同时推动设计方法的标准化,提升其工程适用性与安全性;复杂卷边角形截面柱方面,应加强对高长细比构件和复杂边界条件下稳定与破坏机理的探索,进一步完善适用于非对称截面的设计表达式,为相关规范修订提供支撑;拼合柱方面,应进一步扩大试验样本规模,涵盖更多构造形式与长细比类型,深入探讨组合柱在压弯和循环荷载下的应力状态;叠合钢梁方面,需开展叠合钢梁在框架体系中的力学行为研究,深入探讨模块梁、柱、节点之间协同受力机制,并设计出更贴合施工要求的双梁连接形式;整体体系方面,需开展大型足尺试验与多尺度建模研究,建立构件-节点-模块-体系全过程的一体化分析框架,深化对地震、火灾、爆炸等极端工况叠加效应的响应评估。同时推动性能化抗震与抗倒塌理念纳入相关规范体系。

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辽宁省住房和城乡建设厅项目(LNSJSKJ-2025-049)

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