Objective This research aims to systematically assess changes in habitat suitability for Panax ginseng in Jilin Province by using species distribution models,to reveal migration trends and potential threats to P.ginseng habitats under future climate scenarios. Method Occurrence records of P.ginseng were collected from field surveys and GBIF database,and current and future bioclimatic variables were obtained from WorldClim.The Biomod2 framework was used to predict the current and future potential suitable habitats for P. ginseng in Jilin.The spatial pattern changes,centroid shifts,response curves,and niche dynamics,including multivariate environmental similarity surface (MESS) analysis were then quantified. Result Highly suitable habitats for P.ginseng are mainly distributed in the Changbai Mountains and the adjacent uplands,which is tightly associated with key environmental factors such as isothermality,total precipitation,and precipitation seasonality. Under the current climate condition,the area of highly suitable habitat is 23 400 km².Under progressively warmer scenarios,however,this area declines markedly to 20 000 km² (under SSP245) and 19 300 km² (under SSP585).MESS analysis indicates that the environmental similarity is sharply decreased and the environmentally unsuitable area is expanded under the extreme scenario.Niche overlap analyses further indicate an increase in habitat fragmentation and a gradual reduction in P.ginseng’s niche stability.Under SSP585 scenario,Schoener’s D index drops to 0.39,indicating that the continuity of suitable habitats for the species is significantly constrained. Conclusion Intensifying climate change is projected to pose substantial challenges to the viability and habitat stability of P.ginseng in Jilin Province.Future conservation should prioritize habitat restoration,maintenance of ecological connectivity,and adaptive management to buffer climate risks and safeguard the long-term survival and ecological functions of P.ginseng.
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