Objective To address the challenges in tree root detection using ground penetrating radar (GPR),such as the unclear mechanisms of multiple-factor coupling and limited localization accuracy,this study proposed a root identification and localization method based on multiple-frequency GPR instantaneous amplitude,enabling accurate and non-destructive detection of tree roots in complex environments. Method Taking triploid Populustomentosa,a typical tree species in northern China,as the research subject,a grid scanning scheme employing multi-frequency antennas (400,900,and 1 600 MHz) was designed to acquire three-dimensional (3D) data of the root systems of nine-year-old trees.The high instantaneous amplitude derived from the Hilbert transform was combined with image morphological operations to precisely locate roots by calculating the weighted centroid of connected high amplitude regions.The accuracy of GPR-based root identification and loca-lization was then evaluated and validated through complete root excavation.Furthermore,under multi-frequency antenna configurations,the influencing mechanisms of root diameter,depth,and scanning angle on root identification and localization were statistically analyzed,and the quantitative relationships between root characteristics and detection performance were revealed. Result ①Root identification using Hilbert transform and image segmentation was effective,with accuracy rates of 53.2%,64.0%,and 72.7% for the 400,900,and 1 600 MHz antennas,respectively.② Root localization using the weighted centroid of connected high instantaneous amplitude regions was accurate and feasible,with root mean square error (RMSE) in the profile length direction less than 0.12 m and in the profile depth direction less than 0.04 m for all three antenna frequencies.③ When the root dia-meter was less than 3 cm or the scanning angle was below 60°,the GPR identification accuracy improved significantly with increasing root parameters;beyond these thresholds,the detection performance stabilized. Conclusion The root identification and localization method integrating instantaneous amplitude and morphological analysis provides a feasible technical pathway for the non-destructive detection and periodic monitoring of shallow root systems.
基于以上原因,本研究以9年生三倍体毛白杨(triploid Populus tomentosa)为研究对象,首先设计并实施多频天线(400,900,1 600 MHz)的网格化扫描方案,以获取毛白杨根系的三维GPR数据;其次通过希尔伯特变换获取反射信号的瞬时振幅,进而利用特征提取识别根系,并利用图像形态学运算从GPR瞬时振幅剖面中实现根系的自动精准定位;最后在3种天线频率下,系统解析根系直径、根系深度、扫描角度等关键因素对GPR根系识别与定位效果的影响,旨在提出一种融合希尔伯特变换、特征提取与图像形态学运算的GPR根系自动定位方法,为在复杂多因素耦合条件下树木根系的精准识别与定位及根系无损检测提供方法与理论支撑。
经阈值分割后的瞬时振幅剖面中存在一些密度较小的噪声信号(图2-C中红色圆标记),需要对其进行去除以确保根系定位的准确性,本研究采用DBSCAN(density-based spatial clustering of application with noise)聚类去噪算法将其去除。DBSCAN去噪算法中,核心参数邻域半径设为10,邻域中数据对象数目阈值设为250,根系特征图像去噪后的结果如图2-D所示。
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