Objective The study aims to explore the application for extracting forest structural parameters and non-destructive estimation of individual tree aboveground biomass (AGB) using backpack LiDAR and the accurate and detailed quantitative structure model (AdQSM),providing a scientific basis for forest resource surveys and carbon stock assessment. Method Using the dominant tree species Larix gmelinii and Betula platyphylla in the natural secondary birch forests of Greater Khingan Mountains of Inner Mongolia as the research subjects, point cloud data was acquired via backpack LiDAR.Individual trees were segmented from the point clouds,and their segmentation accuracy along with the extraction accuracy of diameter at breast height (DBH) and tree height were evaluated against field measurement data as reference values.Based on the AdQSM model, three-dimensional reconstruction of individual tree point clouds was performed.Optimal modeling parameters (height segmentation HS) were determined through parameter optimization.The extracted DBH,tree height,stem volume,and branch volume were applied to estimate biomass of tree components and AGB,using conversion factor method and biomass modeling method,respectively.The estimation accuracy of the two methods was evaluated based on the coefficient of determination (R²) and root mean square error (RMSE) across multiple dimensions-different tree species,diameter classes,tree height,and stand density. Result ①The overall accuracy for individual tree segmentation was F=0.96.The backpack LiDAR exhibited high accuracy in extracting diameter at breast height (DBH),with an average coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.98 and an average root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.60 cm.However,its accuracy in tree height extraction was lower,with an average R² of 0.60 and an average RMSE of 2.22 m.②The optimal parameter for the AdQSM model reconstruction of both L.gmelinii and B.platyphylla was HS=0.4 m.③The biomass model method demonstrated superior accuracy in estimating organ biomass compared to the conversion factor method.Specifically,trunk biomass estimated with higher precision (B.platyphylla:R²=0.96,RMSE=8.13 kg/plant;L.gmelinii:R²=0.94,RMSE=14.54 kg/plant),whereas branch biomass estimation exhibited lower accuracy (B.platyphylla:R²=0.94,RMSE=3.29 kg/plant;L.gmeliniiR²=0.93,RMSE=2.47 kg/plant).Both methods accurately estimated the aboveground biomass (AGB) of individual L.gmelinii and B.platyphylla trees (R²≥0.92 for both, RMSE ranging from 13.14 to 18.47 kg/plant).For large-diameter trees(≥15 cm),tall trees(≥11 m),and plots of the two different density (low and high ),both methods yielded accurate AGB estimates (maximum R²=0.94),while the conversion factor method performed better for small-diameter(<15 cm) trees and short trees(<11 m). Conclusion Backpack LiDAR systems can effectively capture individual tree structural parameters.The AdQSM model based on the point cloud data enables non-destructive and efficient estimation of individual tree above-ground biomass (AGB),providing a valuable reference for forest resource surveys and carbon stock research.
近年来,激光雷达(light detection and ranging,LiDAR)技术因能够快速、精确地获取森林三维结构参数,已成为单木乃至林分尺度生物量估算的重要手段[3]。其中,背包式激光雷达系统是一种新兴的移动平台,兼具机动性强、成本较低和点云密度高等优势,为复杂林分环境下的单木结构参数提取提供了新的数据源。有学者比较了不同平台(地基、背包式和手持式)激光雷达扫描方法在估测胸径(DBH)、获取单木位置信息和数据采集效率方面的差异,结果发现背包式激光雷达效率最高,估测的胸径最接近真实值[4]。
以样地实测数据作为参考值,采用2个精度评价指标均方根误差(root mean squared error,RMSE)和决定系数(coefficient of determination,R2)综合评估背包式激光雷达点云数据中提取胸径和树高的准确性,以及基于AdQSM方法估计AGB的可行性。其计算公式为:
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