Objective This study integrates Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy (THz-TDS),to provide a reference for high-precision quantitative analysis and fingerprint verification of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Method Based on DFT,the AFB1 molecule was structurally optimized and its vibrational frequencies were calculated to obtain the theoretical absorption spectrum in the 0.1-5.0 THz range,with absorption peaks interpreted from the perspective of molecular vibrational modes.Seven spectral preprocessing methods,including S-G smoothing,movement smoothing,normalization,standard normal variate(SNV),multiplicative scatter correction(MSC),first derivative,and second derivative,were systematically compared to determine their effects on the PLSR modeling of AFB1 terahertz spectra.To address the inade-quacy of traditional feature extraction methods (SPA,MCUVE,CARS,SFLA) in characterizing low-concentration signals, quantitative prediction models for AFB1 based on one-dimensional convolutional neural network(1D-CNN) and residual metwork(ResNet) were constructed.Through convolution and pooling operations,the models adaptively performed local perception on raw spectra,and leveraged deep learning to capture implicit features from adjacent spectral bands,thereby enhancing the extraction efficiency of fingerprint peaks. Result In the 0.5-3.0 THz range,the experimental absorption peaks were highly consistent with theoretical predictions, validating the reliability of the C═O/C―O vibrational modes to obtain characteristic fingerprint peaks for AFB1.In the concentration range of 0.25-10.00 μg/mL,the prediction set of 1D-CNN model achieved a determination coefficient (R) of 0.92,with a root mean square error of 0.77.Compared to traditional methods,the characteristic frequencies extracted by the 1D-CNN model corresponded well with the theoretical absorption peaks:the extracted frequencies almost fully covered the theoretical peak at 2.114 THz, while only a 0.05 THz deviation was observed at 1.108 THz. Conclusion The vibrational modes at 1.108,1.767,and 2.114 THz show a high degree of agreement with the experimental spectrum.The 1D-CNN model demonstrates optimal predictive capability for aflatoxin B1.The established method for verifying the characteristic terahertz fingerprint peaks of AFB1 provides a new paradigm for detecting trace toxins in complex matrices and serves as a valuable reference for developing on-site rapid detection technologies in the field of food safety.
原始太赫兹光谱数据采集过程中易受光源功率波动、探测器热噪声等系统噪声和残留水汽吸收峰、温漂效应等环境的干扰,本研究中可能还受聚乙烯基质散射、表面粗糙度等样本非均匀性等诸多因素的影响,极大地增加了特征峰的解析难度。为提升低质量浓度AFB1特征峰的信噪比并消除基线畸变,本研究分别使用S-G平滑、移动平滑、归一化、标准正态变量变换(standard normal variate,SNV)、多元散射校正(multiplicative scatter correction,MSC)、一阶导数和二阶导数等7种方法对所获得的光谱进行预处理[18]。
在对比不同预处理及特征提取方法时,为量化处理效果,本研究使用机器学习的方法对其进行建模计算。偏最小二乘回归(partial least squares regression,PLSR)是通过将自变量和因变量投影到低维空间,寻找潜在变量的统计建模方法,适用于处理高维、多重共线性和小样本数据[20]。因此,本研究选择PLSR进行对比试验。
残差网络(residual network,ResNet)通过引入残差连接或快捷连接,成功解决了深层网络中的梯度消失和退化问题,从而极大增强了模型的表达能力和性能。ResNet的影响因素与1D-CNN大致相同,特点是在加入了残差块组件之后,残差块通过卷积层、批量归一化和激活函数(rectified linear unit,RELU)来提取输入数据的特征,有助于网络学习到更深层次的特征,进而提高模型的性能。因此,本研究使用1D-CNN和ResNet建立AFB1质量浓度预测模型,开展对比试验。
1.4.4 模型评价
在构建模型时,通过随机抽样将采集的光谱样本划分为校正集(80%)和预测集(20%),以均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE),包括校正集均方根误差(root mean square error of calibration,RMSEC)和预测集均方根误差(root mean square error of prediction,RMSEP),以及决定系数R2 (包括校正集决定系数Rc2 和预测集决定系数Rp2 )和剩余预测残差(residual predictive deviation,RPD)作为评价指标[21]。其中R2 和RPD越大越好,RMSE越小越好。通常认为RPD>2表示模型具有良好的预测能力。
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