粗粒叠层石研究进展

Coarse-grained stromatolites: a review of the present state of research

摘要

相对于其他种类叠层石，粗粒叠层石在地质历史中首现时间最晚，沉积记录最为稀少，是一类特殊的微生物岩。如何利用有限的沉积记录系统揭示控制其形成的内生和外生因素，对于认识微生物与环境相互作用方式及整个地质历史时期叠层石微观组构演变的驱动机制具有重要意义。基于西澳鲨鱼湾和巴哈马地区仍在生长的粗粒叠层石研究成果，综述了地质历史时期所有典型粗粒叠层石的宏观形态特征、微观纹层组分和沉积环境等信息，并对其形成的古气候、海平面和古海洋物理化学条件背景进行了对比分析。含丰富真核生物（如硅藻和绿藻）的微生物席捕获和黏结粗颗粒的能力比单纯的蓝细菌微生物席更强，粗粒叠层石的突然出现可能与大型真核生物的演化有关。大多数粗粒叠层石形成于受潮汐、波浪或风暴作用影响的浅海或边缘海环境中，反复动荡的海水促使颗粒持续供应至微生物席表面。间歇性高能环境中海水离子浓度较高且离子类型丰富，有助于提高微生物席胞外聚合物的黏性及黏结颗粒的能力。同时，海水中碳酸钙饱和度不足以促使微生物席发生钙化，但能支撑粗粒叠层石后续岩化过程。除此之外，较高的海水温度、缓慢波动上升的海平面、适宜的大气 CO₂ 含量、相对较高的海水碳酸钙饱和度和较少的后生生物也是形成粗粒叠层石的有利条件。虽然海相粗粒叠层石形成的必要条件已逐渐明晰，但这类特殊微生物岩的成因解释仍存在一些不足和不确定性，需要在粗颗粒的来源、粗粒叠层石的发育规模和陆相粗粒叠层石形成机制等方面做进一步研究，以约束内生和外生因素对粗粒叠层石形成的控制作用。

Abstract

Coarse-grained stromatolites are a unique type of microbialite that emerged relatively late in geological history; however, only limited sedimentary records of coarse-grained stromatolites have been found to date. In this review, we utilize these scarce sedimentary records to unravel the intrinsic and extrinsic factors governing their formation. This endeavor holds immense significance in comprehending the intricate interplay between microorganisms and their environment, as well as elucidating the driving mechanisms behind the evolution of stromatolite microfabrics throughout geological epochs. Based on the research findings of coarse-grained stromatolites in Shark Bay, Western Australia and the Bahamas, this study provides a comprehensive review of the macromorphology, microstratification, and sedimentary environment of classic coarse-grained stromatolites throughout geological history. Furthermore, a comparative analysis was conducted to examine and compare the different background factors, such as paleoclimate, sea levels, and paleo-ocean physicochemical conditions, which influenced their formation. Microbial mats rich in eukaryotes, such as diatoms and green algae, exhibit a significantly greater capacity for trapping and binding coarse particles compared to simpler cyanobacteria-dominated microbial mats. The abrupt emergence of coarse-grained stromatolites may be linked to the evolutionary development of larger eukaryotic organisms. Most commonly, these structures form in shallow or marginal marine environments under the influence of tides, waves, or storms where turbulent water facilitates continuous particle supply onto the surface of microbial mats. High ion concentration and diversity in seawater within this intermittent high-energy environment contribute to improved adhesion properties of extracellular polymers and enhanced particle binding ability for microbial mats. Meanwhile, calcium carbonate saturation in such settings is insufficient to promote calcification of microbial mats, but it can support subsequent lithification processes involved in forming coarse-grained stromatolites. Additionally, relatively higher sea temperatures, gradual fluctuations in sea levels, suitable atmospheric CO₂ content, elevated seawater calcium carbonate saturation levels, and lower metazoan biodiversity all favor favorable conditions for the development of coarse-grained stromatolites. Although the conditions necessary for the formation of marine coarse-grained stromatolites have been increasingly clarified, there remain certain limitations and uncertainties in the genetic interpretation of these special microbialites. Further research is required to investigate the sources of coarse particles, the development scale of coarse-grained stromatolites, and the formation mechanisms of continental coarse-grained stromatolites, which could provide a better understanding of the influence of both intrinsic and extrinsic factors on their formation.

关键词

粗粒叠层石 / 捕获和黏结 / 微生物席 / 沉积环境 / 胞外聚合物

Key words

coarse-grained stromatolites / trapping and binding / microbial mat / depositional environment / extracellular polymeric substance

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(41902102)

国家自然科学基金面上项目(42172120)