牦牛坪式稀土矿床的古裂谷活化成矿机制与找矿突破

王登红 ,  刘善宝 ,  王伟 ,  赵芝 ,  于扬 ,  金雅楠 ,  王成辉 ,  于沨 ,  何斌 ,  纪德宝 ,  梁利辉 ,  徐建新 ,  胡玉华 ,  陈美涛

成都理工大学学报(自然科学版) ›› 2026, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (4) : 741 -756.

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成都理工大学学报(自然科学版) ›› 2026, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (4) : 741 -756. DOI: 10.12474/cdlgzrkx.2026041101
成都理工大学70周年校庆专刊

牦牛坪式稀土矿床的古裂谷活化成矿机制与找矿突破

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Palaeo-rift valley activation metallogenic mechanism and exploration breakthrough for Maoniuping-type rare earth element deposits

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摘要

川西牦牛坪稀土矿床于 20 世纪 80 年代初被发现,但长期以来其资源家底始终未能查明。2023 年,中稀(凉山)稀土有限公司联合中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所、四川省第一地质大队启动深部找矿行动,并取得重大找矿突破。2026 年 3 月 9 日,自然资源部发布了牦牛坪矿区稀土矿资源储量核实勘查项目成果,矿区内新增稀土资源量 966.6×104 t,伴生萤石资源 2 713.5×104 t、重晶石 3 722.8×104 t。至此,牦牛坪已查明的稀土资源储量位居全球第二位,仅次于白云鄂博稀土矿床。从成矿背景看,牦牛坪矿床形成于新生代攀西古裂谷活化挤压构造带,与元古代大陆边缘裂谷带的白云鄂博矿床差异显著但也有共性。本次牦牛坪找矿突破以“古裂谷活化成矿”理论为核心,以区域裂谷带为重点找矿靶区,将矿区深部整个破碎带作为找矿的第一要素而非局限于特定的岩性与层位,这在一定程度上拓展了找矿空间与找矿潜力。本文 LA-ICP-MS 锆石 U-Pb 定年结果显示,矿区围岩碱长花岗岩、流纹岩形成于新元古代(700~691 Ma);含矿碱性岩−碳酸岩及稀土成矿作用发生于新生代(40~12 Ma)。因此,古裂谷带的多次活化、新元古代至新生代成矿物质多次叠加富集是牦牛坪成为世界级稀土−萤石−重晶石矿床的主要成矿机制。

Abstract

Although the Maoniuping rare earth element (REE) deposit in western Sichuan was discovered in the early 1980s, its resource base has not yet been identified. In 2023, China Rare Earth Group (Liangshan) Co., Ltd., together with the Institute of Mineral Resources Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences and the First Geological Brigade of Sichuan, initiated a deep exploration campaign that achieved significant breakthroughs. On March 9, 2026, the Ministry of Natural Resources released the results of a resource reserve verification survey for the Maoniuping REE deposit, revealing a new REE resource volume of 9.666 million tons, along with 27.135 million tons of associated fluorite and 37.228 million tons of barite. This positions the Maoniuping confirmed REE reserves at second place globally, surpassed only by the Bayan Obo deposit. From the perspective of metallogenic background, the Maoniuping deposit formed in the Cenozoic Panxi paleo-rift-activated compressional tectonic belt, which is different from the Bayan Obo deposit in the Proterozoic continental margin rift zone. The exploration strategy employed the palaeo-rift valley activation mineralization theory as its core framework, taking the regional rift zone as the key prospecting target area. The whole fracture zone in the deep part of the mining area was taken as the first element of prospecting rather than limited to a specific lithology and horizon, which expands the prospecting space and prospecting potential to a certain extent. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating indicated that the surrounding alkali-feldspar granite and rhyolite formed in the Neoproterozoic (700–691 Ma), while the ore-bearing alkaline-carbonatite and REE mineralization occurred during the Cenozoic (40.3–12.2 Ma). Therefore, the multiple activations of the ancient rift zone and the multiple superpositions and enrichments of ore-forming materials from the Neoproterozoic to Cenozoic are the main metallogenic mechanism for Maoniuping becoming a world-class REE, fluorite, and barite deposit.

关键词

牦牛坪稀土矿床 / 古裂谷活化 / 成矿机制 / 找矿突破

Key words

Maoniuping deposit / palaeo-rift valley activation / metallogenic mechanism / exploration breakthrough

引用本文

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王登红,刘善宝,王伟,赵芝,于扬,金雅楠,王成辉,于沨,何斌,纪德宝,梁利辉,徐建新,胡玉华,陈美涛. 牦牛坪式稀土矿床的古裂谷活化成矿机制与找矿突破[J]. 成都理工大学学报(自然科学版), 2026, 53(4): 741-756 DOI:10.12474/cdlgzrkx.2026041101

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基金资助

中国地质调查局项目(DD2026021092, DD20230034, DD20230055)

《中国矿产地质志》项目(DD20221695, DD20190379)

中国稀土集团有限公司科技项目(HE2310)

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