牦牛坪式稀土矿床的古裂谷活化成矿机制与找矿突破
王登红 , 刘善宝 , 王伟 , 赵芝 , 于扬 , 金雅楠 , 王成辉 , 于沨 , 何斌 , 纪德宝 , 梁利辉 , 徐建新 , 胡玉华 , 陈美涛
成都理工大学学报(自然科学版) ›› 2026, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (4) : 741 -756.
牦牛坪式稀土矿床的古裂谷活化成矿机制与找矿突破
Palaeo-rift valley activation metallogenic mechanism and exploration breakthrough for Maoniuping-type rare earth element deposits
川西牦牛坪稀土矿床于 20 世纪 80 年代初被发现,但长期以来其资源家底始终未能查明。2023 年,中稀(凉山)稀土有限公司联合中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所、四川省第一地质大队启动深部找矿行动,并取得重大找矿突破。2026 年 3 月 9 日,自然资源部发布了牦牛坪矿区稀土矿资源储量核实勘查项目成果,矿区内新增稀土资源量 966.6×104 t,伴生萤石资源 2 713.5×104 t、重晶石 3 722.8×104 t。至此,牦牛坪已查明的稀土资源储量位居全球第二位,仅次于白云鄂博稀土矿床。从成矿背景看,牦牛坪矿床形成于新生代攀西古裂谷活化挤压构造带,与元古代大陆边缘裂谷带的白云鄂博矿床差异显著但也有共性。本次牦牛坪找矿突破以“古裂谷活化成矿”理论为核心,以区域裂谷带为重点找矿靶区,将矿区深部整个破碎带作为找矿的第一要素而非局限于特定的岩性与层位,这在一定程度上拓展了找矿空间与找矿潜力。本文 LA-ICP-MS 锆石 U-Pb 定年结果显示,矿区围岩碱长花岗岩、流纹岩形成于新元古代(700~691 Ma);含矿碱性岩−碳酸岩及稀土成矿作用发生于新生代(40~12 Ma)。因此,古裂谷带的多次活化、新元古代至新生代成矿物质多次叠加富集是牦牛坪成为世界级稀土−萤石−重晶石矿床的主要成矿机制。
Although the Maoniuping rare earth element (REE) deposit in western Sichuan was discovered in the early 1980s, its resource base has not yet been identified. In 2023, China Rare Earth Group (Liangshan) Co., Ltd., together with the Institute of Mineral Resources Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences and the First Geological Brigade of Sichuan, initiated a deep exploration campaign that achieved significant breakthroughs. On March 9, 2026, the Ministry of Natural Resources released the results of a resource reserve verification survey for the Maoniuping REE deposit, revealing a new REE resource volume of 9.666 million tons, along with 27.135 million tons of associated fluorite and 37.228 million tons of barite. This positions the Maoniuping confirmed REE reserves at second place globally, surpassed only by the Bayan Obo deposit. From the perspective of metallogenic background, the Maoniuping deposit formed in the Cenozoic Panxi paleo-rift-activated compressional tectonic belt, which is different from the Bayan Obo deposit in the Proterozoic continental margin rift zone. The exploration strategy employed the palaeo-rift valley activation mineralization theory as its core framework, taking the regional rift zone as the key prospecting target area. The whole fracture zone in the deep part of the mining area was taken as the first element of prospecting rather than limited to a specific lithology and horizon, which expands the prospecting space and prospecting potential to a certain extent. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating indicated that the surrounding alkali-feldspar granite and rhyolite formed in the Neoproterozoic (700–691 Ma), while the ore-bearing alkaline-carbonatite and REE mineralization occurred during the Cenozoic (40.3–12.2 Ma). Therefore, the multiple activations of the ancient rift zone and the multiple superpositions and enrichments of ore-forming materials from the Neoproterozoic to Cenozoic are the main metallogenic mechanism for Maoniuping becoming a world-class REE, fluorite, and barite deposit.
| [1] |
白鸽, 袁忠信, 1985. 碳酸岩地质及其矿产[M]. 北京: 地质出版社. |
| [2] |
陈从德, 蒲广平, 1991. 牦牛坪稀土矿床地质特征及其成因初探[J]. 地质与勘探, 27(5): 18-23. |
| [3] |
|
| [4] |
邓万明, 孙宏娟, 1998. 青藏北部板内火山岩的同位素地球化学与源区特征[J]. 地学前缘, 5(4): 307-317. |
| [5] |
|
| [6] |
地质矿产部成都地质矿产研究所, 1988. 西昌-滇中地区花岗 岩类及其含矿特征[M]. 重庆: 重庆出版社: 36-52. |
| [7] |
冯钟燕, 1985. 碳酸岩矿床[M]//《矿床学参考书》编辑组. 矿床学 参考书(上册). 北京: 地质出版社: 69-84. |
| [8] |
蒋明全, 1992. 牦牛坪稀土矿床地质构造特征及其控矿意义[J]. 矿床地质, 11(4): 351-358. |
| [9] |
|
| [10] |
金雅楠, 王登红, 王伟, |
| [11] |
|
| [12] |
李自静, 2018. 川西牦牛坪超大型 REE 矿床脉状成矿样式及其 对 REE 富集的指示[D]. 北京: 中国地质科学院: 1-87. |
| [13] |
|
| [14] |
刘丛强, 1996. 流体−岩石反应体系中的硼同位素地球化学[J]. 地球化学, 25(1): 93-100. |
| [15] |
|
| [16] |
刘丛强, 黄智龙, 许成, |
| [17] |
|
| [18] |
刘铁庚, 1985. 白云鄂博白云碳酸岩地质及地球化学特 征——白云鄂博白云岩成因讨论[J]. 岩石学报, 1(3): 15-28. |
| [19] |
|
| [20] |
刘显凡, 战新志, 高振敏, |
| [21] |
|
| [22] |
骆耀南, 俞如龙, 2001. 龙门山-锦屏山陆内造山带喜马拉雅期 构造−岩浆作用主要特征及其动力学模式[M]//陈毓川,王 登红. 喜马拉雅期内生成矿作用研究. 北京: 地震出版社: 88-96. |
| [23] |
骆耀南, 俞如龙, 侯立伟, |
| [24] |
|
| [25] |
牛贺才, 林传仙, 1994. 论四川冕宁稀土矿床的成因[J]. 矿床地 质, 13(4): 345-353. |
| [26] |
|
| [27] |
蒲广平, 1988. 四川西南牦牛坪碱性伟晶岩−火成碳酸盐岩杂岩 体的发现[J]. 地质论评, 34(1): 88-92. |
| [28] |
|
| [29] |
蒲广平, 1993. 牦牛坪稀土矿床成矿模式及找矿方向探讨[J]. 四 川地质学报, 13(1): 46-57. |
| [30] |
|
| [31] |
蒲广平, 2001. 攀西地区稀土成矿历史演化与喜马拉雅期成矿 基本特征[M]//陈毓川,王登红. 喜马拉雅期内生成矿作用 研究. 北京: 地震出版社: 104-116. |
| [32] |
王登红, 1998. 地幔柱及其成矿作用[M]. 北京: 地震出版社: 1-160. |
| [33] |
|
| [34] |
王登红, 陈毓川, 徐珏, |
| [35] |
|
| [36] |
王登红, 李建康, 王成辉, |
| [37] |
|
| [38] |
王登红, 杨建民, 闫升好, |
| [39] |
|
| [40] |
新华社, 2026. 震撼性发现!我国找矿有重大突破[EB/OL]. ( 2026-03-25)[ 2026-04-06]. https://m.cgs.gov.cn/ddyw/202603/t20260325_851609.html. |
| [41] |
许成, 黄智龙, 刘丛强, |
| [42] |
|
| [43] |
许成, 黄智龙, 漆亮, |
| [44] |
|
| [45] |
于扬, 王登红, 刘善宝, |
| [46] |
|
| [47] |
于扬, 王伟, 王登红, |
| [48] |
|
| [49] |
袁忠信, 李建康, 王登红, |
| [50] |
|
| [51] |
袁忠信, 施泽民, 白鸽, |
| [52] |
张云湘, 骆耀南, 杨崇喜, |
| [53] |
|
| [54] |
赵芝, 王登红, 刘善宝, |
| [55] |
|
| [56] |
周名魁, 刘俨然, 1988. 西昌-滇中地区地质构造特征及地史演 化[M]. 重庆: 重庆出版社: 1-156. |
| [57] |
|
| [58] |
|
| [59] |
|
| [60] |
|
| [61] |
|
| [62] |
|
| [63] |
|
| [64] |
|
| [65] |
|
| [66] |
|
| [67] |
|
| [68] |
|
| [69] |
|
| [70] |
|
| [71] |
|
中国地质调查局项目(DD2026021092, DD20230034, DD20230055)
《中国矿产地质志》项目(DD20221695, DD20190379)
中国稀土集团有限公司科技项目(HE2310)
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |