中国海相超深层油气系统演化与成藏体系形成

张水昌 ,  苏劲 ,  王晓梅 ,  何坤 ,  冶明泽 ,  吴明昊

成都理工大学学报(自然科学版) ›› 2026, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (4) : 668 -688.

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成都理工大学学报(自然科学版) ›› 2026, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (4) : 668 -688. DOI: 10.12474/cdlgzrkx.2026050801
成都理工大学70周年校庆专刊

中国海相超深层油气系统演化与成藏体系形成

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Evolution of ultra-deep marine petroleum systems and the formation of hydrocarbon accumulation systems in China

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摘要

近几年国内海相油气勘探不断向超深层(最大埋深>6 000 m)领域拓展,勘探深度已突破万米。与全球相对稳定的大克拉通盆地相比,以四川盆地和塔里木盆地为代表的中国克拉通盆地规模较小且经历多期构造活动,其海相超深层油气成藏条件具有特殊性。中国的小克拉通盆地经历更为复杂的“早期裂陷、晚期深埋”沉积构造演化,叠加冰期后气候转折期的巨量有机碳埋藏,为超深层油气富集奠定了物质基础与成藏条件;中国超深层油气藏特有的“低温高压”环境有效抑制了原油的热裂解进程,将液态烃大量裂解的温度提升至 190~220 ℃,使得埋深超过 8 000 m 仍可保存液态烃;同时揭示了超深层有机−无机加氢生气作用机制,将天然气生成的成熟度下限拓展至镜质体反射率(Ro)为3.5%。微生物沉积、表生岩溶、走滑断裂的多期改造,叠加油气充注对孔隙的保护作用,形成了相控、岩溶、断控三类规模碳酸盐岩储层,这是超深层大油气田形成的关键前提;建立了近源古油藏裂解成藏、远源油气调整再成藏、次生改造深成供烃成藏和多源混合气洗分馏成藏四类超深层油气聚集模式,发现差异热演化是两大盆地资源类型差异的根本原因,走滑断裂作为油气运移的“高速公路”,控制了多类型油气立体成藏。超深层成藏体系相关认识丰富发展了海相超深层油气地质理论,支撑中国克拉通盆地深地油气勘探领域的不断拓展。近 15 年来,塔里木盆地和四川盆地海相超深层油气勘探取得一系列重大突破,累计发现天然气资源量超 5×1012 m3,原油资源量超 25×108 t,显著提升了超深层油气资源的战略地位。

Abstract

In recent years, marine petroleum exploration in China has continuously expanded to ultra-deep layers (buried depth > 6 000 m), with the maximum exploration depth exceeding 10 000 m. Compared with globally stable, large craton basins, Chinese craton basins represented by Sichuan Basin and Tarim Basin are relatively small in scale and have experienced multistage tectonic activities, resulting in unique geological characteristics of their ultra-deep marine sequences. These small Chinese craton basins have undergone complex sedimentary and tectonic evolution characterized by early rifting and late deep burial. Combined with massive organic carbon burial during the climatic transition after glaciation, favorable material basis and hydrocarbon accumulation conditions were established for ultra-deep hydrocarbon enrichment. The unique low-temperature and high-pressure environment of the ultra-deep reservoirs in China effectively inhibited the thermal cracking of crude oil, raising the temperature threshold for massive liquid hydrocarbon cracking to 190–220 ℃, and enabling the preservation of liquid hydrocarbons at depths greater than 8 000 m. Furthermore, the coupled organic–inorganic hydrogenation hydrocarbon generation mechanism in the ultra-deep strata has been revealed, extending the thermal maturity limit of natural gas generation to a vitrinite reflectance ( Ro) of 3.5%. Multistage modifications, including microbial sedimentation, epigenic karstification, and strike-slip faulting, together with pore protection effects during hydrocarbon charging, have formed three types of large-scale carbonate reservoirs controlled by sedimentary facies, karstification, and faults, which serve as the key prerequisite for the formation of giant ultra-deep oil and gas fields. Four types of ultra-deep hydrocarbon accumulation models are established, including hydrocarbon accumulation via the cracking of near-source paleo-oil reservoirs, hydrocarbon re-accumulation through distal hydrocarbon adjustment, deep hydrocarbon supply and accumulation via secondary reconstruction, and hydrocarbon fractionation and accumulation of multisource mixed gas. Differential thermal evolution is identified as the fundamental cause of the resource type differences between the two major basins. As high-speed migration pathways for hydrocarbons, strike-slip faults dominate hydrocarbon enrichment in multiple sequences. The understanding developed in this work enriches existing geological theories of ultra-deep marine hydrocarbons, supporting the strategic expansion of deep petroleum exploration in China. Over the past 15 years, a series of major breakthroughs has been achieved in ultra-deep marine hydrocarbon exploration in Tarim Basin and Sichuan Basin, with cumulative natural gas resources exceeding 5 trillion cubic meters and crude oil resources exceeding 2.5 billion tons being discovered, significantly enhancing the strategic status of ultra-deep hydrocarbon resources in China.

关键词

超深层 / 塔里木盆地 / 四川盆地 / 液态烃裂解 / 油气成藏

Key words

ultra-deep strata / Tarim Basin / Sichuan Basin / liquid hydrocarbon cracking / hydrocarbon accumulation

引用本文

引用格式 ▾
张水昌,苏劲,王晓梅,何坤,冶明泽,吴明昊. 中国海相超深层油气系统演化与成藏体系形成[J]. 成都理工大学学报(自然科学版), 2026, 53(4): 668-688 DOI:10.12474/cdlgzrkx.2026050801

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基金资助

中国石油科技重大专项(2023ZZ0203)

中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(A 类)(XDA14010101)

国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFC0603101)

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