非传统关键矿产开发利用若干发展方向

胡瑞忠 ,  潘力川 ,  陈伟 ,  阳杰华

成都理工大学学报(自然科学版) ›› 2026, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (4) : 655 -667.

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成都理工大学学报(自然科学版) ›› 2026, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (4) : 655 -667. DOI: 10.12474/cdlgzrkx.2026051801
成都理工大学70周年校庆专刊

非传统关键矿产开发利用若干发展方向

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Several development directions for the exploitation and utilization of unconventional critical minerals

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摘要

非传统关键矿产是指当前因技术经济制约暂难利用、但未来有望转化利用的潜在资源。全球关键矿产需求激增,亟需寻找接替资源。本文综述了碳酸盐黏土型锂矿、沉积型铌−锆−稀土−镓矿、磷块岩型稀土矿、风化壳型钪矿及海底关键金属等非传统关键矿产。碳酸盐黏土型锂矿由泥质碳酸盐岩风化产物在陆相和海陆交互相水体中沉积形成,资源前景巨大,但矿石难选;沉积型铌−锆−稀土−镓矿多由玄武岩风化沉积形成,品位较低、赋存复杂,需研发新工艺;磷块岩型稀土矿的重稀土占比高,资源量大,但提取技术尚处于实验阶段;风化壳型钪矿发育在热带−亚热带基性−超基性岩的风化壳中,中国已圈定多个靶区,但勘查与提取技术薄弱。海底多金属结核、富钴结壳、深海稀土和热液硫化物蕴藏巨量关键金属,但开采面临生态风险与国际法规限制。此外,煤系、黑色页岩、矿业废弃物及“呆矿”中也蕴含关键金属。总体而言,非传统关键矿产潜力巨大,亟待突破理论、技术与政策瓶颈,实现其向可利用资源的战略跨越。

Abstract

Unconventional critical minerals refer to potential resources that are currently difficult to utilize due to techno-economic constraints, but are expected to be converted into usable resources in the future. The surging global demand for critical minerals urgently requires the search for substitute resources. This paper reviews several types of unconventional critical minerals, including argillaceous carbonate rocks derived from clay-type lithium resources, sedimentary niobium-zirconium, rare earth element, and gallium resources, phosphorite-type rare earth element resources, laterite-type scandium resources, and seafloor critical metals. Argillaceous carbonate rocks derived from clay-type lithium resources form by the sedimentation of weathered products from argillaceous carbonate rocks in continental and marine-terrigenous transitional water bodies; they hold substantial resource potential, but the ores are difficult to process. Sedimentary niobium-zirconium, rare earth element, and gallium resources are mostly formed by weathering and sedimentation of basalts. They have lower grades and complex occurrences, requiring the development of new processing technologies. Phosphorite-type rare earth element resources have a high proportion of heavy rare earth elements and large resource quantities, but extraction technologies are still at the experimental stage. Laterite-type scandium resources develop in the weathered crusts of mafic-ultramafic rocks in tropical to subtropical regions. Several target areas have been delineated in China, yet exploration and extraction techniques remain underdeveloped. Deep-sea polymetallic nodules, cobalt-rich crusts, deep-sea rare earth elements, and hydrothermal sulfides contain enormous quantities of critical metals, but their extraction faces ecological risks and international regulatory restrictions. In addition, coal beds, black shales, mining wastes, and refractory ores also hold significant potential for critical metals. Overall, unconventional critical minerals offer great potential, and it is imperative to break through the bottlenecks in theory, technology, and policy to achieve a strategic transition from these unconventional critical minerals to exploitable resources.

关键词

非传统关键矿产 / 主要资源类型 / 开发利用 / 发展方向

Key words

unconventional critical minerals / main types of resources / exploitation and utilization / development directions

引用本文

引用格式 ▾
胡瑞忠,潘力川,陈伟,阳杰华. 非传统关键矿产开发利用若干发展方向[J]. 成都理工大学学报(自然科学版), 2026, 53(4): 655-667 DOI:10.12474/cdlgzrkx.2026051801

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