四川盆地天然气勘探——回顾与展望
Natural gas exploration in the Sichuan Basin: a review and outlook
四川盆地是中国天然气资源最为丰富的盆地之一,常规气、页岩气与致密气资源量均居全国前列,但探明率不足 20%,尚处于勘探早中期,潜力巨大。本文在系统梳理盆地 70 余年勘探历程的基础上,将其划分为构造油气藏为主、构造−岩性油气藏为主和常规−非常规并重三个勘探阶段,揭示了勘探指导思想从“占高点、沿长轴”到“追礁滩、探岩性”再到“常非并举、源储一体”的演进脉络。通过对德阳-安岳震旦系−寒武系古隆起碳酸盐岩气藏、开江-梁平二叠系−三叠系礁滩相气藏群、志留系龙马溪组海相页岩气藏、寒武系筇竹寺组海相页岩气藏以及川西须家河组致密砂岩气藏五个代表性领域的深入解剖,提炼了盆地天然气差异富集的系统性规律。研究认为,常规气的规模聚集受控于克拉通内陆棚与古隆起的时空耦合,形成“陆棚控源、古隆控储控聚、多期成藏晚期定位”的成藏体系;页岩气领域以“构造+保存”条件为核心,分别建立了志留系“沉积控源、保存控富”的二元富集模式和寒武系“原地+输导层富集”的差异成藏模式;致密砂岩气则表现为“源储一体、断缝输导、近源富集”的成藏特征。基于勘探历程和典型气田解剖,本文提炼出两点核心启示:勘探思路从“近源成藏”向“近源+输导”成藏的转变是发现新类型大气田的认识论前提,而高精度地震成像与超深层钻完井技术的协同突破则是将地质认识转化为勘探发现的方法论保障。展望未来,深层−超深层海相碳酸盐岩、深层−超深层页岩气和深层致密砂岩气仍是增储上产的主要领域,盆地“新区、新领域、新层系”勘探依然大有可为。
The Sichuan Basin ranks among China’s most prolific natural gas provinces, hosting substantial conventional, shale, and tight gas resources-each among the largest in the country. Nevertheless, the overall proved reserve ratio remains below 20%, placing the basin in an early to middle stage of exploration and underscoring its considerable untapped potential. Based on a systematic synthesis of more than seven decades of exploration history, this study divides the exploration evolution into three successive phases: a structural-trap dominated phase, a structural-lithologic dominated phase, and a concurrent conventional-unconventional play emphasis. This progression reflects a fundamental paradigm shift in exploration philosophy-from “exploring structural highs and along long axes” to “ targeting reef-shoal complexes and lithologic traps,” and ultimately to “ integrated conventional-unconventional exploration with source-reservoir coupling.” Through detailed case studies of five representative plays-including the Sinian–Cambrian carbonate gas reservoir in the Deyang–Anyue paleo-uplift, the Permian–Triassic reef-shoal gas play in the Kaijiang–Liangping trough, the Silurian Longmaxi marine shale, the Cambrian Qiongzhusi marine shale, and the Upper Triassic Xujiahe tight sandstone in western Sichuan-this paper extracts systematic controls on differential natural gas enrichment. The results indicate that large-scale conventional gas accumulation is governed by the spatiotemporal coupling between intracratonic shelf deposition and paleo-uplift development, yielding a play system characterized by “ shelf-controlled source kitchens, paleo-uplift-controlled reservoir formation and entrapment, and multiphase charging with late-stage localization.” For shale gas, structural integrity and preservation conditions constitute the primary constraints; we propose a binary enrichment model for the Silurian (sedimentation-controlled source supply and preservation-controlled richness) and a differential accumulation model for the Cambrian (in-situ plus carrier-bed enrichment). Tight sandstone gas, in turn, exhibits accumulation features of “ source-reservoir integration, fault-fracture conduits, and near-source enrichment.” Based on the exploration trajectory and field-case analyses, two critical implications are drawn: (1) a conceptual shift from “near-source accumulation” to “near-source plus carrier-facilitated accumulation” is an epistemological prerequisite for discovering new giant gas fields; and (2) the synergistic advancement of high-precision seismic imaging and ultra-deep drilling-completion technologies provides the methodological foundation for translating geological understanding into exploration success. Looking forward, deep to ultra-deep marine carbonates, deep to ultra-deep shales, and deep tight sandstones remain primary targets for reserve accretion and production growth. The basin continues to offer considerable exploration potential in underexplored areas, new play types, and poorly tested stratigraphic intervals.
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国家自然科学基金企业创新发展联合基金集成项目(U24B60001,U23B20154)
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