植物天然成分治疗溃疡性结肠炎的研究进展

Research progress on the treatment of ulcerative colitis using natural components from plants

摘要

【意义】溃疡性结肠炎（ulcerative colitis，UC）是一种病因复杂且易复发的慢性肠道炎症性疾病，其发病与肠道免疫失衡、屏障功能破坏及菌群紊乱等密切相关。植物天然成分因其多靶点、高安全性及来源广泛等优势，已成为UC治疗研究的热点。【进展】本文系统综述了近5年来植物天然成分治疗UC的最新研究成果，发现植物天然成分通过一个涵盖免疫、炎症、屏障、菌群、氧化应激及细胞死亡的复杂网络协同治疗UC，其多靶点特性恰好对应UC的多因素发病机制。在调节“免疫-菌群-屏障”轴方面，黄酮类与多糖类天然成分展现出显著优势；萜类及生物碱类天然成分在强效抑制核心炎症通路上作用尤为突出；酚酸类天然成分则在抗氧化等环节发挥重要支持作用。然而，植物天然成分的临床转化仍面临口服生物利用度低、成分复杂及缺乏大规模临床试验验证等挑战。【展望】未来研究应致力于利用新型递药系统改善其生物利用度，建立标准化质量控制体系，并深入开展多种植物天然活性成分的复合研究，以推动植物天然成分成为UC安全有效的治疗选择。

Abstract

[Significance] Ulcerative colitis (UC), a complex and recurrent chronic inflammatory bowel disease, is closely associated with intestinal immune dysregulation, impaired barrier function, and microbiota imbalance. Plant-based natural compounds have emerged as a promising therapeutic focus for UC owing to their multitarget effects, high safety profiles, and widespread availability. [Progress]This systematic review of UC treatment research over the past five years reveals that plant-derived compounds exert synergistic effects through a complex network involving immune regulation, inflammation control, barrier maintenance, microbiota homeostasis, oxidative stress mitigation, and cell death modulation. Their multitarget nature aligns with UC’s multifactorial pathogenesis. In modulating the “immune-microbiota-barrier” axis, flavonoids and polysaccharides demonstrate significant advantages, whereas terpenoids and alkaloids excel in potent inhibition of core inflammatory pathways. Phenolic acids play crucial supportive roles in antioxidant processes. However, clinical translation faces challenges including low oral bioavailability, compositional complexity, and a lack of large-scale clinical validation. [Prospect]Future research should focus on developing novel drug delivery systems to enhance bioavailability, establishing standardized quality control protocols, and conducting comprehensive studies on multicomponent plant extracts to establish plant-based therapies as safe and effective treatment options for UC.

关键词

植物天然成分 / 溃疡性结肠炎 / 信号通路 / 作用机制 / 研究进展

Key words

natural plant ingredients / ulcerative colitis / signaling pathway / mechanism of action / research progress

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基金资助

内蒙古自治区自然科学基金项目(2025MS03023)

内蒙古自治区自然科学基金项目(2024QN03033)