一株兼具促生抗病能力的纤维素降解菌的筛选、鉴定及培养条件优化

Screening, identification and cultivation condition optimization of a cellulose-degrading bacterium with both plant growth-promoting and disease resistance

摘要

【目的】筛选适用于番茄秸秆废弃物堆体处理的纤维素降解微生物，获得高效稳定的功能菌株，以促进农业有机废弃物资源的高效利用。【方法】采用透明圈法，从腐解番茄秸秆中筛选纤维素降解菌，测定其纤维素酶活性、产 IAA 能力及拮抗病原菌能力；通过 16S rRNA 基因序列分析对该菌株进行种属鉴定；利用液态摇瓶培养和盆栽试验评估菌株的实际促腐、促生及抗病效果；最后通过单因素试验探究该菌株的最佳生长条件。【结果】筛选获得一株兼具促生与抗病功能的纤维素降解菌株 Hzq23，经鉴定为铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonas aeruginosa），其纤维素酶活性达 799.71 μg·min^–1·g^–1。与对照组相比，Hzq23 菌液在摇瓶培养 15 d 时，番茄秸秆降解率显著提高 10.43%（P＜0.05）；培养至 55 d 时，秸秆腐解率进一步提高 15.24%，番茄鲜质量、株高和根长分别增加 42.2%、42.2%和 43.7%，对青枯病的生防效果提高 50%。最佳生长条件试验结果表明，该菌株最适碳源和氮源分别为葡萄糖和蛋白胨，最适 pH、温度和装液量分别为 8.0、28 ℃和 50 mL/250 mL。【结论】菌株 Hzq23 具有高效降解纤维素、促生和抗青枯病的多重功能，可用于多功能微生物菌剂的开发与生产。将其应用于农业场景，可加速番茄秸秆腐解转化、提高秸秆资源利用率，同时有效促进作物生长并防治蔬菜病害，具有较高的应用价值。

Abstract

[Objective] This study aimed to screen cellulose-degrading microorganisms suitable for composting tomato straw waste and obtain functionally stable and efficient microbial strains, thereby promoting the efficient utilization of agricultural organic waste resources. [Method] In this study, cellulose-degrading bacteria were screened from decomposed tomato straw using the transparent circle method, and their cellulase activity, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production capacity, and antagonistic activity against pathogenic bacteria were determined. The strain was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Liquid shake-flask experiments and pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the strain’s actual straw degradation-promoting effect, plant growth-promoting effect, and disease-suppressive activity, respectively. A single-factor experiment was then performed to determine the optimal growth conditions for the strain. [Result] A cellulose-degrading strain, Hzq23, exhibiting plant growth-promoting and disease-suppressive functions, was isolated and identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with a cellulase activity of 799.71 μg·min^–1·g^–1. Compared with the control group, the tomato straw degradation rate increased significantly by 10.43% (P < 0.05) after 15 d of incubation with the Hzq23 bacterial suspension in shake flasks; after 55 d of incubation, the straw decomposition rate further increased by 15.24%. Tomato fresh weight, plant height, and root length increased by 42.2%, 42.2%, and 43.7%, respectively, and the biocontrol efficacy against bacterial wilt increased by 50%. Results on optimal growth conditions indicated that glucose and peptone were the optimal carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. The optimal pH, temperature, and liquid volume (reflecting ventilation condition) were 8.0, 28 °C, and 50 mL in a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask, respectively. [Conclusion] The screened strain Hzq23 exhibits efficient cellulose degradation, plant growth promotion, and antagonistic activity against bacterial wilt pathogens. It is suitable for fermentation-based production of multifunctional microbial agents. When applied in agricultural settings, it can accelerate the decomposition and transformation of tomato straw, enhance straw resource utilization, effectively promote crop growth, and suppress vegetable diseases, demonstrating high application value.

关键词

铜绿假单胞菌 / 秸秆纤维素降解 / 作物促生 / 番茄青枯病 / 培养条件优化

Key words

Pseudomonas aeruginosa / straw cellulose degradation / plant growth promotion / tomato bacterial wilt / cultivation condition optimization

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金项目(32071628)

安徽省高校科学基金项目(2024AH020002)

安徽省教育厅农田退化及污染生态修复创新团队项目(2025AHGXZK10034)