生物质炭基材料对水体中重金属及有机污染物的去除研究进展

Biochar-based materials for aqueous pollutant removal: a review

摘要

【意义】随着工业和制造业的快速发展，大量污染物进入生态环境系统，给人类健康带来巨大威胁。水体中污染物的高效去除是可持续发展和绿色发展中的关键科学问题之一。【进展】近年来，来源广泛、官能团丰富且结构可调的生物炭材料在水体污染物治理方面受到高度关注。本文综合评述了近年来生物炭材料在水体污染物去除方面的研究进展，包括生物炭的制备技术、改性方法及其去除水体中各类污染物的机理。【展望】本文在总结研究进展的基础上，进一步探讨了生物炭材料在实际水体应用、吸附效率与选择性的平衡，以及深度融合人工智能技术进行材料智能设计等领域面临的挑战与未来机遇，旨在为研发高效、低环境风险的水处理生物炭材料提供科学依据。

Abstract

[Significance] The rapid development of industry and manufacturing has led to the release of massive amounts of pollutants into the environment, posing a significant threat to human health. The effective removal of aqueous pollutants is therefore a critical scientific challenge for achieving sustainable and green development. [Progress] Biochar-based materials have recently garnered considerable attention for water pollutant remediation due to their wide availability, rich functional groups, and tunable structure. This review comprehensively summarizes recent research progress on biochar for water treatment, covering preparation techniques, modification methods, and the underlying removal mechanisms for various pollutants. [Prospect] Based on the summarized progress, this review further discusses the challenges and future opportunities in areas such as practical application in real water bodies, balancing adsorption efficiency with selectivity, and the deep integration of artificial intelligence for intelligent material design. The goal is to provide a scientific basis for developing high-efficiency, low-environmental-risk biochar materials for water treatment.

关键词

生物炭 / 水体污染去除 / 改性方法 / 作用机理 / 重金属离子 / 有机污染物 / 放射性核素

Key words

biochar / water pollution remediation / improvement methods / mechanisms / heavy metal ions / organic pollutants / radioactive nuclides

参考文献

[1] 张捷, 楚楚 . 全球水资源困境下水资源节约集约利用的探索分析[C]//2025（第九届）中国水资源高效利用与节水技术交流会论文集. 义乌, 2025: 618-625.

[2] 史文瑶 .城市生活污水厂处理工业废水的运营管理策略探究[J].中国设备工程,2025,(18):49-51.

[3] 赵浩杰, 王阳, 曹瑞林, 等. 吸附剂对净水型透水混凝土性能的影响[J].建筑材料学报, 2025, 28(12): 1266-1273.

[4] Chen Q, Cheng X M, Liu S S, et al. Multi—heteroatom self—doped microporous biochar derived from fish scale for boosting uranium immobilization performance[J].Diam Relat Mater, 2023, 136: 110052.

[5] Yan Y F, Wu C Y, Guan Q, et al. Three—dimensional aligned wood arrays loading with metal—organic frameworks for improved radionuclides removal[J].J Environ Chem Eng, 2025, 13(3): 116919.

[6] Dong W H, Ma F, Li C, et al. Evaluation of anti—aging performance of biochar modified asphalt binder[J].Coatings, 2020, 10(11): 1037.

[7] Huff M D, Lee J W . Biochar—surface oxygenation with hydrogen peroxide[J].J Environ Manag, 2016, 165: 17-21.

[8] Neme I, Gonfa G, Masi C . Activated carbon from biomass precursors using phosphoric acid: a review[J].Heliyon, 2022, 8(12): e11940.

[9] Wen C, Liu T Y, Wang D P, et al. Biochar as the effective adsorbent to combustion gaseous pollutants: Preparation, activation, functionalization and the adsorption mechanisms[J].Prog Energy Combust Sci, 2023, 99: 101098.

[10] Rashid S, Goyal A, Roy A B D, et al. Synergistic effect of physical modification and accelerated carbonation curing on the cementitious properties and carbon sequestration potential of biochar cement composites[J].J Sustain Cem Based Mater, 2026, 15(2): 517-536.

[11] Xia D C, Liu Y, Cheng X M, et al. Temperature—tuned fish—scale biochar with two—dimensional homogeneous porous structure: a promising uranium extractant[J].Appl Surf Sci, 2022, 591: 153136.

[12] Liu Y, Cheng X M, Liu S S, et al. Amino—functionalized 3D crosslinked Ti3C2Tx nanosheets for highly efficient UO2 2+ and ReO4 − immobilization simultaneously from aqueous solutions[J].Sep Purif Technol, 2022, 303: 122216.

[13] Gu P C, Wu C Y, Liu S S, et al. Dual functionalized Ti3C2Tx nanosheets with enhanced immobilization achieving efficient UO22+ and ReO4− extraction[J].J Water Process Eng, 2025, 71: 107286.

[14] Gu P C, Zhang S, Ma R, et al. Layered double hydroxides nanosheetsin—situanchored on ultrathin MXenes for enhanced U(VI) and Eu(III) trapping: Excavating from selectivity to mechanism[J].Sep Purif Technol, 2022, 288: 120641.

[15] Lukić D, Vasić V, Živančev J, et al. Adsorption performance assessment of agro—waste—based biochar for the removal of emerging pollutants from municipal WWTP effluent[J].Molecules, 2025, 30(24): 4803.

[16] Carlini C, Chaudhuri S, Mann O, et al. Benchmarking biochar with activated carbon for immobilizing leachable PAH and heterocyclic PAH in contaminated soils[J].Environ Pollut, 2023, 325: 121417.

[17] Faggiano A, Ricciardi M, Motta O, et al. Comparative study of greywater treatment using activated carbon and woodchip biochar for surfactant and organic matter removal[J].Sep Purif Technol, 2025, 356: 129861.

[18] Anderson N, Gu H M, Bergman R . Comparison of novel biochars and steam activated carbon from mixed conifer mill residues[J].Energies, 2021, 14(24): 8472.

[19] Wang H H, Wang X, Cui Y S, et al. Slow pyrolysis polygeneration of bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens): Product yield prediction and biochar formation mechanism[J].Bioresour Technol, 2018, 263: 444-449.

[20] Kaur R, Kumar A, Biswas B, et al. Py—GC/MS and slow pyrolysis of tamarind seed husk[J].J Mater Cycles Waste Manag, 2024, 26(2): 1131-1146.

[21] Siruru H, Syafii W, Wistara I N J, et al. Properties of sago waste charcoal using hydrothermal and pyrolysis carbonization[J].Biomass Convers Biorefin, 2022, 12(12): 5543-5554.

[22] Malghani S, Gleixner G, Trumbore S E . Chars produced by slow pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization vary in carbon sequestration potential and greenhouse gases emissions[J].Soil Biol Biochem, 2013, 62:137-146.

[23] Liu G Q, Xu Q, Abou—Elwafa S F, et al. Hydrothermal carbonization technology for wastewater treatment under the “dual carbon” goals: current status, trends, and challenges[J].Water, 2024, 16(12): 1749.

[24] Hu Y J, Zhang J J, Guo Q Q, et al. Self—assembly fabrication of agricultural biomass with sewage sludge toward dual heteroatoms doped supercapacitor[J].Waste Biomass Valorization, 2026, 17(1): 215-229.

[25] Moon S Y, Kim H S, Jang D, et al. Effect of carbonized tangerines prepared using plasma as fertilizer: case study: lettuce farming[J].Sustainability, 2022, 14(1): 243.

[26] Meng S K, Yokoi T, Kang J Y, et al. Modification of hydroxyapatite by doping lithium through acid—base reaction[J].J Ceram Soc Japan, 2022, 130(9): 802-806.

[27] Abhishek K, Shrivastava A, Vimal V, et al. Biochar application for greenhouse gas mitigation, contaminants immobilization and soil fertility enhancement: a state—of—the—art review[J].Sci Total Environ, 2022, 853: 158562.

[28] Zhang K, Yi Y Q, Fang Z Q . Remediation of cadmium or arsenic contaminated water and soil by modified biochar: a review[J].Chemosphere, 2023, 311: 136914.

[29] Ahmad M, Lee S S, Rajapaksha A U, et al. Trichloroethylene adsorption by pine needle biochars produced at various pyrolysis temperatures[J].Bioresour Technol, 2013, 143: 615-622.

[30] Ying Z W, Huang L, Ji L L, et al. Efficient removal of methylene blue from aqueous solutions using a high specific surface area porous carbon derived from soybean dreg[J].Materials, 2021, 14(7): 1754.

[31] Qiu Y P, Zheng Z Z, Zhou Z L, et al. Effectiveness and mechanisms of dye adsorption on a straw—based biochar[J].Bioresour Technol, 2009, 100(21): 5348-5351.

[32] Xu R K, Xiao S C, Yuan J H, et al. Adsorption of methyl violet from aqueous solutions by the biochars derived from crop residues[J].Bioresour Technol, 2011, 102(22): 10293-10298.

[33] Zhang P, Sun H W, Yu L, et al. Adsorption and catalytic hydrolysis of carbaryl and atrazine on pig manure—derived biochars: Impact of structural properties of biochars[J].J Hazard Mater, 2013, 244: 217-224.

[34] Xie M X, Chen W, Xu Z Y, et al. Adsorption of sulfonamides to demineralized pine wood biochars prepared under different thermochemical conditions[J].Environ Pollut, 2014, 186: 187-194.

[35] Yang Z M, Charoenkal K, Wang Z C, et al. Ammonium recovery from wastewater by biochar with different N/O—doped groups and hierarchical pores: Synergistic enhancement mechanisms for strong negative electrostatic potential and micropore filling[J].J Environ Manag, 2025, 386: 125776.

[36] Yang W, Shang J Y, Li B G, et al. Surface and colloid properties of biochar and implications for transport in porous media[J].Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol, 2020, 50(23): 2484-2522.

[37] Li F S, Sun H W, Hao Z N, et al. Perfluorinated compounds in Haihe River and Dagu drainage canal in Tianjin, China[J].Chemosphere, 2011, 84(2): 265-271.

[38] Yu H, Zhang P, Song D B, et al. Rapid and efficient removal of ultrashort— and short—chain PFAS from contaminated water by pyrogenic carbons: a strategyvia polypyrrole nanostructured coating[J].Environ Sci Technol, 2025, 59(30): 16034-16045.

[39] Xu M M, Fu S Q, Chen R, et al. A scalable surface nano—architectonics approach for Melaleuca bark—derived biochar: Rapid PFOA removal and superior supercapacitor performance[J].Sep Purif Technol, 2025, 361: 131626.

[40] Yang M, Zhang X L, Yang Y C, et al. Effective destruction of perfluorooctanoic acid by zero—valent iron laden biochar obtained from carbothermal reduction: Experimental and simulation study[J].Sci Total Environ, 2022, 805: 150326.

[41] Militao I M, Roddick F, Fan L H, et al. PFAS removal from water by adsorption with alginate—encapsulated plant albumin and rice straw—derived biochar[J].J Water Process Eng, 2023, 53: 103616.

[42] Nautiyal P, Subramanian K A, Dastidar M G . Adsorptive removal of dye using biochar derived from residual algae after in—situ transesterification: Alternate use of waste of biodiesel industry[J].J Environ Manag, 2016, 182: 187-197.

[43] Wang L T, Zhou Z K, Li X T, et al. Enhanced removal of methylene blue from water by mesopore—dominant biochar from kelp: Kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies[J].Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Aspects, 2024, 688: 133652.

[44] Kulaksiz E, Gözmen B, Kayan B, et al. Adsorption of Malachite Green on Fe—modified biochar: influencing factors and process optimization[J].Desalin Water Treat, 2017, 74: 383-394.

[45] Wang P J, Chen W, Zhang R, et al. Enhanced removal of malachite green using calcium—functionalized magnetic biochar[J].Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2022, 19(6): 3247.

[46] Chen X L, Li H T, Lai L H, et al. Peroxymonosulfate activation using MnFe2O4 modified biochar for organic pollutants degradation: Performance and mechanisms[J].Sep Purif Technol, 2023, 308: 122886.

[47] Peer G, Azaizeh H, Kurzbaum E, et al. Valorization of olive mill solid waste—derived biochar: an efficient approach for simultaneous adsorption and oxidation of micropollutant in surface water[J].J Water Process Eng, 2023, 56: 104461.

[48] Zhang Y J, Peng S L, Zhang S Y, et al. Alkali modification and nitrogen doping synergistically regulate sludge—derived biochar for persulfate activation and organic pollutant degradation[J].J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng, 2026, 182: 106569.

[49] Kim J E, Bhatia S K, Song H J, et al. Adsorptive removal of tetracycline from aqueous solution by maple leaf—derived biochar[J].Bioresour Technol, 2020, 306: 123092.

[50] Gou G, Huang Y C, Wang Y S, et al. Peroxymonosulfate activation through magnetic Fe3C/Fe doped biochar from natural loofah sponges for carbamazepine degradation[J].Sep Purif Technol, 2023, 306: 122585.

[51] Hassan M, Du J H, Liu Y J, et al. Magnetic biochar for removal of perfluorooctane sulphonate (PFOS): Interfacial interaction and adsorption mechanism[J].Environ Technol Innov, 2022, 28: 306

[52] Tang L, Yu J F, Pang Y, et al. Sustainable efficient adsorbent: Alkali—acid modified magnetic biochar derived from sewage sludge for aqueous organic contaminant removal[J].Chem Eng J, 2018, 336: 160-169.

[53] Zhang M, Gao B, Varnoosfaderani S, et al. Preparation and characterization of a novel magnetic biochar for arsenic removal[J].Bioresour Technol, 2013, 130: 457-462.

[54] Wang X, Feng J H, Cai Y W, et al. Porous biochar modified with polyethyleneimine (PEI) for effective enrichment of U(VI) in aqueous solution[J].Sci Total Environ, 2020, 708: 134575.

[55] Shakoor M B, Ali S, Rizwan M, et al. A review of biochar—based sorbents for separation of heavy metals from water[J].Int J Phytorem, 2020, 22(2): 111-126.

[56] Chen Y Y, Zhan B G, Guo B L, et al. Biochar—enhanced cement composites as carbon sink under accelerated carbonation curing: Carbon sequestration potential stimulated by biochar porosity[J].Constr Build Mater, 2025, 492: 143005.

[57] Chen Q Y, Wang Y, He G, et al. KMnO4—activated spinach waste biochar: an efficient adsorbent for adsorption of heavy metal ions in aqueous solution[J].Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Aspects, 2024, 684: 133174.

[58] Yang T X, Meng J, Jeyakumar P, et al. Effect of pyrolysis temperature on the bioavailability of heavy metals in rice straw—derived biochar[J].Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2021, 28(2): 2198-2208.

[59] Jiang J H, Li R Y, Yang K X, et al. Investigation on Pb²⁺ adsorption characteristics by AAEMs—rich biochar in aqueous solution: Performance and mechanism[J].Environ Res, 2023, 236: 116731.

[60] Wang Y L, Zeng W B, Wan X M, et al. Modeling the removal of Cd(II) and Pb(II) from aqueous solutions by biochar derived from arsenic hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata [J].J Environ Manag, 2025, 381: 125280.

[61] Hu X B, Zhang R G, Xia B, et al. Effect of pyrolysis temperature on removal efficiency and mechanisms of Hg(II), Cd(II), and Pb (II) by maize straw biochar[J].Sustainability, 2022, 14(15): 9022.

[62] Van Poucke R, Allaert S, Ok Y S, et al. Metal sorption by biochars: a trade—off between phosphate and carbonate concentration as governed by pyrolysis conditions[J].J Environ Manag, 2019, 246: 496-504.

[63] Yao Q F, Qu H H, Guo Y X, et al. Capturing copper on cow dung—based biochar adsorbents for reuse in water bacterial decontamination[J].Colloid Interface Sci Commun, 2021, 45: 100515.

[64] Peng C, Gong K L, Li Q N, et al. Simultaneous immobilization of arsenic, lead, and cadmium in soil by magnesium—aluminum modified biochar: Influences of organic acids, aging, and rainfall[J].Chemosphere, 2023, 313: 137453.

[65] Huang Y S, Hu H . The interaction of perrhenate and acidic/basic oxygen—containing groups on biochar surface: a DFT study[J].Chem Eng J, 2020, 381: 122647.

[66] Xiao Y, Xue Y, Gao F, et al. Sorption of heavy metal ions onto crayfish shell biochar: effect of pyrolysis temperature, pH and ionic strength[J].J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng, 2017, 80:208-214.

[67] Gmar M, Bouafif H, Bouslimi B, et al. Pyrolysis of chromated copper arsenate—treated wood: investigation of temperature, granulometry, biochar yield, and metal pathways[J].Energies, 2022, 15(14): 5071.

[68] Vaghela D R, Pawar A, Sharma D . Effectiveness of wheat straw biochar in aqueous Zn removal: correlation with biochar characteristics and optimization of process parameters[J].BioEnergy Res, 2023, 16(1): 457-471.

[69] Lima I M, Boateng A A, Klasson K T . Physicochemical and adsorptive properties of fast—pyrolysis bio—chars and their steam activated counterparts[J].J Chemical Tech & Biotech, 2010, 85(11): 1515-1521.

[70] Park J H, Ok Y S, Kim S H, et al. Competitive adsorption of heavy metals onto sesame straw biochar in aqueous solutions[J].Chemosphere, 2016, 142: 77-83.

[71] Zhao L, Zheng W, Mašek O, et al. Roles of phosphoric acid in biochar formation: synchronously improving carbon retention and sorption capacity[J].J Environ Qual, 2017, 46(2): 393-401.

[72] Xue Y W, Gao B, Yao Y, et al. Hydrogen peroxide modification enhances the ability of biochar (hydrochar) produced from hydrothermal carbonization of peanut hull to remove aqueous heavy metals: Batch and column tests[J].Chem Eng J, 2012, 200: 673-680.

[73] Goswami R, Shim J, Deka S, et al. Characterization of cadmium removal from aqueous solution by biochar produced fromIpomoea fistulosa at different pyrolytic temperatures[J].Ecol Eng, 2016, 97: 444-451.

[74] Jin H M, Capareda S, Chang Z Z, et al. Biochar pyrolytically produced from municipal solid wastes for aqueous As(V) removal: Adsorption property and its improvement with KOH activation[J].Bioresour Technol, 2014, 169: 622-629.

[75] Chen H H, Yuan X Z, Xiong T, et al. Biochar facilitated hydroxyapatite/calcium silicate hydrate for remediation of heavy metals contaminated soils[J].Water Air Soil Pollut, 2020, 231(2): 66.

[76] Mulyani O, Joy B, Kurnia D . The various forms of cow manure waste as adsorbents of heavy metals[J].Appl Sci, 2022, 12(11): 5763.

[77] Alam M S, Gorman—Lewis D, Chen N, et al. Mechanisms of the removal of U(VI) from aqueous solution using biochar: a combined spectroscopic and modeling approach[J].Environ Sci Technol, 2018, 52(22): 13057-13067.

[78] Hadjittofi L, Pashalidis I . Uranium sorption from aqueous solutions by activated biochar fibres investigated by FTIR spectroscopy and batch experiments[J].J Radioanal Nucl Chem, 2015, 304(2): 897-904.

[79] Kumar S, Loganathan V A, Gupta R B, et al. An Assessment of U(VI) removal from groundwater using biochar produced from hydrothermal carbonization[J].J Environ Manag, 2011, 92(10): 2504-2512.

[80] Li X, Xu C H, Zhu L, et al. A systematic review on modification technology of agricultural and forestry waste biochar: from raw material characteristics to heavy metal adsorption mechanisms[J].ChemistrySelect, 2025, 10(27): e02585.

[81] Kapdan E, Altinsoy N, Karahan G, et al. Determination of the health hazards due to background radiation sources in the city of Adapazari, Northwestern Turkey[J].Isotopes Environ Health Stud, 2011, 47(1): 93-100.

[82] Ben Khemis I, Aouaini F, Knani S, et al. A chitosan—lignin biocomposite adsorbent for RO16 dye and Cr(VI) heavy metal removal from aqueous solutions: new interpretations via experiments and statistical physics analysis[J].BMC Chem, 2025, 19(1): 259.

[83] Dong F X, Yan L, Zhou X H, et al. Simultaneous adsorption of Cr(VI) and phenol by biochar—based iron oxide composites in water: Performance, kinetics and mechanism[J].J Hazard Mater, 2021, 416: 125930.

[84] Shan R, Shi Y Y, Gu J, et al. Aqueous Cr(VI) removal by biochar derived from waste mangosteen shells: Role of pyrolysis and modification on its absorption process[J].J Environ Chem Eng, 2020, 8(4): 103885.

[85] Zuo J L, Li W J, Xia Z, et al. Preparation of modified biochar and its adsorption of Cr(VI) in aqueous solution[J].

[86] Ho S H, Zhu S S, Chang J S . Recent advances in nanoscale—metal assisted biochar derived from waste biomass used for heavy metals removal[J].Bioresour Technol, 2017, 246: 123-134.

基金资助

安徽省教育厅项目(2024AH050485)