5个主推‘长林’油茶品种的杂交结实特性研究

Study on the hybrid fruiting characteristics of five main promoted varieties of ‘Changlin’ Camellia oleifera

摘要

【目的】针对江西省主推的 5 个长林油茶品种，通过杂交试验探究各组合结实特性，优化品种配置方案，为油茶品种配置提供科学依据。【方法】以‘CL4’、‘CL40’和‘CL53’为母本，‘CL4’、‘CL40’、‘CL53’、‘CL18’和‘CL3’为父本，构建 15 个人工授粉组合，于盛花期进行人工授粉及套袋处理，次年调查坐果结实率及落果率，测定果实形态指标和经济性状，利用主成分分析综合评价各组合表现。【结果】在结实特性中，以‘CL53’为母本的杂交组合表现最优，结实率显著高于其他组合，其中‘CL53’בCL40’（65.21%）、‘CL53’בCL3’（64.17%）和‘CL53’בCL18’（56.68%）结实率较高；自交结实率排序为‘CL53’（10.39%）＞‘CL40’（7.53%）＞‘CL4’（1.72%）。在果实品质方面，‘CL53’为母本的异交组合的单果质量、鲜籽质量、鲜果出油率、种仁含油率显著优于自交组合。以‘CL40’为母本的组合中，‘CL3’和‘CL53’作父本时，显著提升果实品质。‘CL4’בCL3’的干籽出仁率最优（57.32%）。综合 12 项果实经济性状指标进行评价，‘CL53’בCL3’、‘CL53’בCL18’、‘CL53’בCL40’排名前 3，分值接近且明显高于其他 12 个组合。【结论】‘CL4’、‘CL40’和‘CL53’自交结实率均较低，应配置授粉品种；‘CL53’结实率最高，为优选推荐主栽品种；‘CL40’配置‘CL3’为父本时含油率最高，结实率次之，在‘CL3’为配栽授粉品种时可与‘CL53’一同主栽；长林 5 个品种作父本时，‘CL3’和‘CL53’更优。

Abstract

[Objective] This study investigated the fruiting characteristics of hybrids among five major Camellia oleifera ‘Changlin’ varieties in Jiangxi Province to optimize variety configuration and provide a scientific basis for cultivation. [Method] Using ‘CL4’, ‘CL40’, and ‘CL53’ as female parents and ‘CL4’, ‘CL40’, ‘CL53’, ‘CL18’, and ‘CL3’ as male parents, 15 artificial pollination combinations were created. Artificial pollination and bagging were conducted during full bloom. The following year, fruit set rate, fruit drop rate, fruit morphological indicators, and economic traits were measured. Principal component analysis was used for comprehensive evaluation. [Result] Among the fruiting characteristics, hybrid combinations with ‘CL53’ as the female parent performed best, exhibiting significantly higher seed setting rates than other combinations. Notably, ‘CL53’ × ‘CL40’ (65.21%), ‘CL53’ × ‘CL3’ (64.17%), and ‘CL53’ × ‘CL18’ (56.68%) showed relatively high seed setting rates. The order of self-pollination seed setting rates was ‘CL53’ (10.39%) > ‘CL40’ (7.53%) > ‘CL4’ (1.72%). In terms of fruit quality, outcrossed combinations with ‘CL53’ as the female parent significantly outperformed self-pollinated combinations in single fruit weight, fresh seed weight, fresh fruit oil yield, and seed kernel oil content. For combinations with ‘CL40’ as the female parent, using ‘CL3’ and ‘CL53’ as male parents significantly improved fruit quality. The ‘CL4’ × ‘CL3’ combination achieved the highest dry seed kernel rate (57.32%). A comprehensive evaluation based on 12 economic trait indicators revealed that ‘CL53’ × ‘CL3’, ‘CL53’ × ‘CL18’, and ‘CL53’ × ‘CL40’ ranked first, second, and third, respectively, with closely grouped scores significantly higher than those of the other 12 combinations. [Conclusion] The self-pollination fruit set rates of ‘CL4’, ‘CL40’, and ‘CL53’ are relatively low, indicating that pollinator varieties should be configured. ‘CL53’ demonstrates the highest fruit set rate and is recommended as the preferred main cultivar. When ‘CL40’ is configured with ‘CL3’ as the male parent, it achieves the highest oil content and a relatively high fruit set rate, making it suitable as a main cultivar alongside ‘CL53’ when ‘CL3’ is used as the pollinator. Among the five Changlin varieties used as male parents, ‘CL3’ and ‘CL53’ are superior.

关键词

油茶 / 杂交授粉 / 品种配置 / 果实品质 / 结实率

Key words

Camellia oleifera / hybrid pollination / variety configuration / fruit quality / seed setting rate

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基金资助

江西省林业局油茶研究专项(YCYJZX〔2023〕121)

江西省重点研发计划“揭榜挂帅”项目(20223BBF61012)

新余市科技计划项目(余科发〔2025〕33 号)