包头市3个湖泊水体微生物群落特征及其驱动因子

The characteristics of microbial community and its driving factors in three lakes of Baotou city

摘要

【目的】比较3个湖泊水体的理化性质及微生物组成差异，分析水体微生物群落结构变化与环境因子之间的关系。【方法】以包头南海湖、尾矿景观湖及小白河作为研究样地，开展理化指标测定和扩增子测序。【结果】3个湖泊水体均呈弱碱性，水体电导率（EC）、总溶解性固体（TDS）值表现为：尾矿景观湖＞南海湖＞小白河；5日生化需氧量（BOD₅）值排序为：尾矿景观湖＞南海湖＞小白河；南海湖水体透明度最低，营养元素含量最高。水体阳离子含量均以Na⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺、K⁺居多；尾矿景观湖水体中主要阴离子为SO₄^2-，南海湖和小白河水体中含量最高的阴离子分别为Cl^-和HCO₃^-。细菌多样性与丰富度整体呈现南海湖＞尾矿景观湖＞小白河，真核微生物多样性呈现小白河＞南海湖＞尾矿景观湖；3个湖泊均有较高丰度的变形菌门（Proteobacteria），且差异显著（P＜0.05）。Pearson相关性分析结果显示，尾矿景观湖微生物群落受多种环境因子显著调控；小白河多数微生物的丰度受金属盐和阴离子含量调控，其中细菌Bacteroidota、真菌Chytridiomycota和Rozellomycota的丰度与NH₄⁺-N、HCO₃^-含量相关；南海湖除Chytridiomycota外，其他微生物群落主要受K⁺调控。尾矿景观湖水体中的Hydrogenophaga具有较强硫酸根耐受性，与该水体含有较高浓度SO₄^2-的特征一致。【结论】3个湖泊水体均为中度污染，水体酸碱度、盐度及离子组成等可能是影响微生物多样性差异的主要因素。本研究为发展基于微生物指示的污染溯源技术及指导水体生态修复提供了试验依据。

Abstract

[Objective] This study aimed to explore the relationship between microbial community structure and environmental factors by comparing and analyzing the physicochemical properties and microbial communities of three water bodies. [Method] Baotou Nanhai Lake, the tailings landscape lake, and Xiaobaihe Lake were selected as study sites, where physicochemical parameters were measured and amplicon sequencing was conducted. [Result] The water in all three sampling sites was weakly alkaline. Electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) ranked as follows: tailings landscape lake > Nanhai Lake > Xiaobaihe Lake, whereas 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅) followed the order: tailings landscape Lake > Nanhai Lake > Xiaobaihe Lake. Nanhai Lake exhibited the lowest water transparency and the highest nutrient content. The cationic composition in all three lakes were dominated by Na⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, and K⁺. The dominant anion in the tailings landscape lake was SO₄^2-, whereas the dominant anions in Nanhai Lake and Xiaobaihe Lake were Cl^- and HCO₃^-, respectively. Bacterial diversity and richness generally ranked as Nanhai Lake > tailings landscape lake > Xiaobaihe Lake, while eukaryotic microbial diversity followed the order: Xiaobaihe Lake > Nanhai Lake > tailings landscape lake. Proteobacteria were abundant at all three sites, and their relative abundances differed significantly among lakes (P < 0.05). Pearson correlation analysis indicated that microorganisms in the tailings landscape lake were significantly influenced by various environmental factors. In Xiaobaihe Lake, the abundance of most microorganisms was correlated with metal salts and anion contents; specifically, the abundances of Bacteroidota (bacteria), Chytridiomycota, and Rozellomycota (fungi) were related to NH4+-N and HCO3- concentrations. In Nanhai Lake, microbial communities other than Chytridiomycota were correlated with K⁺. Hydrogenophaga in the tailings landscape lake exhibited strong sulfate tolerance, consistent with the high sulfate concentration in the tailings landscape water. [Conclusion] The water bodies of the three lakes are moderately polluted. pH, salinity, and ion concentrations are the main factors driving differences in microbial diversity. These findings provide an experimental basis for developing pollution traceability technology based on microbial indicators and for guiding ecological restoration of water bodies.

关键词

尾矿景观湖 / 扩增子测序 / 微生物群落 / 环境因子 / 多重胁迫 / 半干旱区

Key words

tailings landscape lake / amplicon sequencing / microbial community / environmental factors / multiple stressors / semi-arid zone

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金项目(42367057)

国家自然科学基金项目(31660151)

内蒙古自治区直属高校基础科学研究基金项目(2024RCTD005)

内蒙古自然基金项目(2025MS03125)