不同林龄麻栎人工林凋落物和土壤水源涵养能力研究

Study on the water conservation capacity of litter and soil in Quercus acutissima plantations under different stand ages

摘要

【目的】探讨不同林龄麻栎人工林凋落物层和土壤层水源涵养能力，旨在为亚热带地区森林水文水资源管理与利用及麻栎人工林的经营管理提供参考。【方法】以安徽省滁州市皇甫山国有林场 4 年、10 年、25 年、45 年和 50 年林龄的麻栎人工林为研究对象，采用野外调查法和室内浸泡法，对不同林龄麻栎人工林凋落物和土壤水源涵养能力进行测定和评价。【结果】1）不同林龄麻栎人工林凋落物持水量均随浸水时间增长呈阶段性增加，并在 24 h 达到饱和；而凋落物的吸水速率均随浸水时间增长而降低（0.5 h 内达峰值，24 h 后趋近动态平衡）。2）5 个林龄麻栎人工林凋落物储量介于 1.14～3.92 t·hm^–2，最大持水量和有效拦蓄量分别介于 4.57～15.72 t·hm^–2 和 3.83～13.06 t·hm^–2；50 年麻栎人工林凋落物的最大持水量和有效拦蓄量显著高于其他林龄（除 25 年林龄外），而不同林龄凋落物的最大持水率和有效拦蓄率无显著差异。3）不同林龄土壤平均毛管持水率排序为 25 年＞4 年＞10 年＞45 年＞50 年，土壤平均最小持水率排序为 45 年＞25 年＞4 年＞10 年＞50 年。4）采用熵权法对不同林龄麻栎人工林水源涵养能力进行综合评价，发现 50 年麻栎人工林水源涵养能力最优。【结论】林龄会影响凋落物层和土壤层的结构，进而影响麻栎林水源涵养能力，50 年林龄的麻栎人工林综合水源涵养能力最优。因此，在亚热带地区开展以水源涵养为主要目标的人工林经营时，应重视和保护中龄林至成熟林；对于幼龄林，可考虑通过合理抚育（如间伐）改善林分结构，促进凋落物累积和土壤改良，以更快提升其水文生态效益。

Abstract

[Objective] This study examined the water conservation capacity of litter layers and soil layers inQuercus acutissima plantations of different ages, aiming to provide references for forest hydrology management and water resource utilization in subtropical regions, as well as for the management of Q. acutissima plantations. [Method] Q. acutissima plantations of different stand ages (4-, 10-, 25-, 45-, and 50-year-old stands) in Huangfushan State-owned Forest Farm were selected as the research objects. Field investigation and indoor soaking methods were used to measure the water conservation capacities of the litter and soil in Q. acutissima plantations of different stand ages. [Result] 1) The water-holding capacity of litter fromQ. acutissima plantations of different ages increased in stages with increasing immersion time, reaching saturation after 24 hours. Meanwhile, the water uptake rate of litter decreased with prolonged immersion (peaking within 0.5 hours and approaching dynamic equilibrium after 24 hours). 2) Litter stock in 4- to 50-year-old Q. acutissima plantations ranged from 1.14 to 3.92 t·hm^–2, with maximum water-holding capacity and effective retention capacity ranging from 4.57 to 15.72 t·hm^–2 and 3.83 to 13.06 t·hm^–2 respectively. The maximum water-holding capacity and effective retention capacity of litter from 50-year-oldQ. acutissima plantations were significantly higher than those of other age classes (except the 25-year-old stand), while no significant differences were observed in maximum water-holding rate or effective retention rate across age classes. 3) The average capillary water retention capacity of soils across different forest ages was ranked as follows: 25 years > 4 years > 10 years > 45 years > 50 years. The average minimum water retention capacity was ranked: 45 years > 25 years > 4 years > 10 years > 50 years. 4) Comprehensive evaluation of water conservation capacity in Q. acutissima plantations of different ages using the entropy weight method revealed that 50-year-old stands exhibited the highest water conservation capacity. In summary, forest age influences the structure of the litter layer and soil profile, thereby affecting the water conservation capacity of Q. acutissima plantations, while 50-year-old stands exhibit optimal comprehensive water conservation capacity. [Conclusion] When managing plantations in subtropical regions primarily for water conservation, emphasis should be placed on protecting and nurturing middle-aged to mature plantations. For young plantations, reasonable tending methods (such as thinning) can be considered to improve stand structure, promote litter accumulation, and enhance soil quality, thereby accelerating the development of their hydrological and ecological benefits.

关键词

林龄 / 麻栎人工林 / 凋落物 / 土壤 / 水源涵养能力

Key words

forest age / Quercus acutissima plantation / litter / soil / water conservation capacity

参考文献

[1] 刘效东, 张卫强, 冯英杰, 等. 森林生态系统水源涵养功能研究进展与展望[J].生态学杂志, 2022, 41(4): 784-791.

[2] 王鹏, 马逸伦, 程静, 等. 宁夏水源涵养功能时空演变格局及其归因分析[J].水土保持学报, 2025, 39(2): 191-199.

[3] 贾雨凡, 杨勤丽, 胡非池, 等. 变化环境下的水源涵养能力评估研究进展[J].水利水运工程学报, 2022(1): 37-47.

[4] 蔚阿龙, 温慧, 丛日春, 等. 坝上地区不同森林类型凋落物层水文效应[J].浙江农林大学学报, 2024, 41(5): 959-969.

[5] 陈晶亮, 杨慧, 刘超, 等. 宁夏罗山自然保护区 3 种典型林分凋落物和土壤层水源涵养能力综合评估[J].生态学报, 2023, 43(19): 7987-7997.

[6] 刘艳,孙向阳,范俊岗,等 .辽宁省森林枯落物现存量及其持水性能[J].应用基础与工程科学学报, 2017, 25(4): 689-699.

[7] 马佳明, 赵鹏, 刘雪莹, 等. 崇陵流域不同林分类型枯落物水文效应研究[J].生态环境学报, 2021, 30(4): 691-699.

[8] 曹泽涛, 邓杨旭, 田婧, 等. 混交刺槐人工林枯落物蓄积特征及其水文效应[J].水土保持学报, 2024, 38(6): 152-160.

[9] 赵敏, 戴全厚, 严友进, 等. 喀斯特山地典型植被类型凋落物和土壤水文效应[J].水土保持研究, 2024, 31(1): 241-249.

[10] 邱展鹏, 何佳丽, 李志飞, 等. 抚育间伐对人工阔叶混交林土壤水源涵养能力的影响[J].林业与环境科学,2026, 42(3): 117-124.

[11] 莫佳佳, 杨艳芬, 刘国彬, 等. 黄土高原丘陵沟壑区刺槐人工林混交模式对土壤水力性质的影响[J].水土保持学报, 2025, 39(6): 301-309.

[12] Zagyvai—kiss K A, Kalicz P, Szilágyi J, et al. On the specific water holding capacity of litter for three forest ecosystems in the eastern foothills of the Alps[J].Agric For Meteor, 2019, 278: 107656.

[13] 张甜, 李瑞蓉, 畅元生 . 临猗县不同林龄苹果林地枯落物及土壤水源涵养功能研究[J].森林工程, 2024, 40(6): 30-40.

[14] Bai Y X, Zhou Y C, Du J J, et al. Effects of a broad—leaf—oriented transformation of coniferous plantations on the hydrological characteristics of litter layers in subtropical China[J].Glob Ecol Conserv, 2021, 25: e01400.

[15] 王美莲, 王飞, 姚晓娟, 等. 不同林龄兴安落叶松枯落物及土壤水文效应研究[J].生态环境学报, 2015, 24(6): 925-931.

[16] 高迪, 郭建斌, 王彦辉, 等. 宁夏六盘山不同林龄华北落叶松人工林枯落物水文效应[J].林业科学研究, 2019, 32(4): 26-32.

[17] Sun L, Zhu Y, Zhang S H, et al. The contribution of litter and soil to water conservation capacity as affected by land use change and stand age in Carya cathayensis plantations[J].Agric Water Manag, 2026, 329: 110380.

[18] 谢川, 王刚, 武华卫, 等. 林龄对川黄柏林下植物及土壤理化性质的影响[J].四川农业大学学报, 2025, 43(1): 184-192.

[19] Li X, Wu T, Wu G P, et al. Increasing stand age increases N deficiency but alleviates relative P limitations in Castanopsis hystrix plantations in Southern China[J].Land Degrad Dev, 2024, 35(6): 2173-2183.

[20] Payn T, Carnus J M, Freer—Smith P, et al. Changes in planted forests and future global implications[J].For Ecol Manag, 2015, 352: 57-67.

[21] FAO. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2025: Main report [R]. Rome, Italy: FAO,2025.

[22] Wang N, Song M X, Zhang Y, et al. Physiological responses of Quercus acutissima and Quercus rubraseedlingsto drought and defoliation treatments[J].Tree Physiol, 2023, 43(5): 737-750.

[23] 方培, 胡海波, 王霞, 等. 不同林龄麻栎人工林土壤生态化学计量特征研究[J].西南林业大学学报(自然科学), 2022, 42(2): 39-47.

[24] Huang Y P, Han Y J, Mao R W, et al. Water conservation capacity of soil and litter layers of five Magnoliaceae plants in Hainan Island, China[J].Forests, 2025, 16(3): 514.

[25] Ma Y H, Xu D Y, Xu H N,et al. Understory vegetation diversity dynamics across a chronosequence of Quercus acutissima plantations: roles of stand development and environmental factors[J].For Res Adv,2026, 2 (1):e005.

[26] Li X, Wu G P, Lie Z Y, et al. Microbial community variation in rhizosphere and non—rhizosphere soils of Cas— tanopsis hystrix plantations across stand ages[J].J For Res, 2025, 36: 82.

[27] Ma Y H, Xu D Y, Huang Z M, et al. Mixed forest conversion from moso bamboo forests in wetland parks increases understory species diversity and improves soils[J].Glob Ecol Conserv, 2025, 57: e03386.

[28] 苏纯兰, 严朝东, 刘颂颂, 等. 不同改造模式下马占相思林凋落物和土壤水文效应分析[J].林业与环境科学, 2024, 40(1): 27-35.

[29] 张淑兰, 韩勇, 杨盼, 等. 汉江上游不同林龄麻栎林枯落物的水文功能评价[J].生态环境学报, 2022, 31(1): 44-51.

[30] LY/T 1215—1999.森林土壤水分—物理性质的测定[S]

[31] 王亚萍, 刘庆安, 庞军柱, 等. 秦岭南坡不同林分类型枯落物层和土壤层水文功能综合评价[J].西北林学院学报, 2024, 39(3): 50-58.

[32] 禹琴, 李奇, 方海燕, 等. 基于变异系数法的龙羊峡水库消落带生态敏感性评价[J].水土保持通报, 2025, 45(5): 245-254.

[33] 张学龙, 金铭, 刘贤德, 等. 祁连山 5 种典型灌木林枯落物蓄积量及其持水特性[J].生态环境学报, 2015, 24(5): 735-740.

[34] 耿琦, 王海燕, 张美娜, 等. 森林枯落物持水特性影响因素研究进展[J].生态科学, 2020, 39(5): 220-226.

[35] 张晓曦, 胡嘉伟, 刘凯旋, 等. 4 种园林绿化植物凋落物混合对其持水特性的影响[J].西北林学院学报, 2024, 39(4): 178-188.

[36] 陈婷, 郗敏, 孔范龙, 等. 枯落物分解及其影响因素[J].生态学杂志, 2016, 35(7): 1927-1935.

[37] 简永旗, 吴家森, 盛卫星, 等. 间伐和林分类型对森林凋落物储量和土壤持水性能的影响[J].浙江农林大学学报, 2021, 38(2): 320-328.

[38] 农海勤, 陆明路, 易弘韬, 等. 亚热带人工林凋落物和土壤层水源涵养功能[J].生态学报, 2025, 45(17): 8599-8613.

[39] Wang Q, Zhao P, Chen X, et al. Hydrological effects of three plantations in hilly regions of South China[J].Ecohydrol Hydrobiol, 2025, 25(4): 100648.

[40] 陈琳, 赵廷宁, 赵陟峰 . 晋西半干旱黄土地区典型林分枯落物及土壤水文效应[J].安徽农业科学, 2011, 39(23): 14106-14108.

[41] 赵雨森, 韩春华, 张宏光, 等. 阿什河上游小流域主要林分类型土壤水文功能研究[J].水土保持学报, 2012, 26(2): 203-208.

[42] 刘婧雯, 程唱, 邹星晨, 等. 高寒区不同密度白桦天然林枯落物层与土壤层水文效应[J].林业科学研究, 2025, 38(2): 156-164.

[43] 敬如岩, 黄雅丽, 丁新景, 等. 黄河三角洲地区刺槐白蜡人工混交林枯落物分解的林龄差异[J].水土保持学报, 2017, 31(6): 333-337.

[44] 曾星,毕华兴,管凝,等 .不同生长阶段刺槐人工林水源涵养功能评价[J].浙江农林大学学报,2026,43(3):609-619.

[45] 李树宝, 张丽娜, 王树森, 等. 森林经营方式对不同林龄落叶松林枯落物及土壤水源涵养能力的影响[J].森林工程, 2023, 39(2): 12-21.

[46] 张日施, 黄光友, 南雅薇, 等. 桂西北不同年龄阶段秃杉人工林的水源涵养功能[J].水土保持学报, 2021, 35(5): 130—136, 143.

[47] 王志豪, 张鹏飞, 贾小旭, 等. 毛乌素沙地不同林龄樟子松水源涵养功能[J].水土保持学报, 2025, 39(4): 100—108, 117.

[48] 杨家慧, 谭伟, 卯光宪, 等. 黔中不同龄组柳杉人工林枯落物水源涵养能力综合评价[J].水土保持学报, 2020, 34(2): 296-301, 308.

[49] 邓雅丽, 赵新宇, 崔自杰, 等. 中国森林生态系统林冠层降雨截留特征[J].生态学报, 2024, 44(7): 2981-2992.

[50] Zhou S Y D, Li X, Peñuelas J, et al. Soil and litter microbiomes as joint drivers of ecosystem multifunctionality in a 60—year—old forest plantation[J].J Environ Manag, 2025, 380: 124900.

基金资助

安徽省高校自然科学研究重点项目(KJ2024AH051402)

国家自然科学基金项目(42307055)

安徽省林木资源培育重点实验室开放基金课题(LMZYPY-06)