淋巴造血系统疾病患者染色体核型异常谱、疾病关联性及高频基因突变的特征

杨飞城 ,  胡洁 ,  胡庆 ,  李艳春 ,  刘潇 ,  谭夏明

中山大学学报(医学科学版) ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (2) : 306 -314.

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中山大学学报(医学科学版) ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (2) : 306 -314. DOI: 10.11714/jsysu.med.YX20260002
基础研究

淋巴造血系统疾病患者染色体核型异常谱、疾病关联性及高频基因突变的特征

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The Abnormal Karyotype Spectrum, Disease Correlation and Characteristics of High-frequency Gene Mutations in Patients with Lymphohematopoietic System Diseases

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摘要

目的 分析湖南地区淋巴造血系统疾病染色体变异情况及疾病谱特征。 方法 采用横断面研究设计,收集2021年1月至2025年7月于湖南省人民医院行骨髓染色体核型分析的548例淋巴造血系统疾病患者临床资料,采用G显带技术检测骨髓染色体核型,参照《人类细胞遗传学命名国际体制(ISCN)2024》标准判定染色体数目及结构异常。采用回顾性统计分析方法,将核型异常数据与骨髓增生异常综合征、急慢性白血病等疾病表型进行关联,统计变异类型、频次及重现性特征,明确核型与疾病表型的关联性。 结果 548例完成骨髓染色体核型分析的患者中,127例存在染色体异常(男84例、女43例,平均58.26岁)。常染色体异常者中,64例检出易位(共67条突变),t(9;22)(q34;q11.2)(22例)、t(15;17)(q24;q21)(10例)为高频易位;Chr9、15等为高频变异染色体,另有29例缺失/重复等复杂突变,+8为常见类型。性染色体异常共27例:7例X异常(嵌合体2例),20例Y缺失(45,X,-Y/46,XY嵌合体7例)。核型-疾病关联显示:急性白血病中t(9;22)检出9次,慢性粒细胞白血病中该核型检出8次;+8、-Y等与多类血液病相关,且相同核型可对应多种疾病表型。 结论 淋巴造血系统疾病患者的染色体高频异常与核型-疾病关联,为其精准诊疗提供了依据。

Abstract

Objective To analyze the characteristics of chromosomal variations and disease spectrum in patients with lymphohematopoietic system diseases in Hunan region. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted, collecting clinical data of 548 patients with lymphohematopoietic system diseases who underwent bone marrow chromosome karyotype analysis at Hunan Provincial People's Hospital from January 2021 to July 2025. G-banding technique was used to detect bone marrow chromosome karyotypes, and chromosome number and structural abnormalities were determined in accordance with the International System for Human Cytogenomic Nomenclature (ISCN) 2024. Retrospective statistical analysis was performed to correlate karyotype abnormality data with disease phenotypes such as myelodysplastic syndrome and acute/chronic leukemia. Classification of the types, frequencies, and reproducibility of variations was calculated to clarify the correlation between karyotypes and disease phenotypes. Results Among the 548 patients who completed bone marrow chromosome karyotype analysis, 127 had chromosomal abnormalities (84 males and 43 females, mean age 58.26 years). Among patients with autosomal abnormalities, 64 cases were detected with translocations (a total of 67 mutations), with t(9;22)(q34;q11.2) (22 cases) and t(15;17)(q24;q21) (10 cases) as high-frequency translocations. Chromosomes 9, 15, etc. were high-frequency variant chromosomes, and 29 cases had complex mutations such as deletions/duplications, with +8 being the common type. There were 27 cases of sex chromosome abnormalities: 7 cases of X chromosome abnormalities (2 cases of chimerism) and 20 cases of Y chromosome deletions (7 cases of 45,X,-Y/46,XY chimerism). Karyotype-disease correlation showed that t(9;22) was detected 9 times in acute leukemia and 8 times in chronic myeloid leukemia; +8, -Y, etc. were associated with multiple types of hematological diseases, and the same karyotype could correspond to multiple disease phenotypes. Conclusion The high-frequency chromosomal abnormalities, karyotype-disease correlations, and high-frequency NGS genes in patients with lymphohematopoietic system diseases, providing a basis for their precise diagnosis and treatment.

Graphical abstract

关键词

淋巴造血系统 / 遗传 / 染色体变异 / 核型分析 / 肿瘤

Key words

lymphoid hematopoietic system / genetics / chromosomal variation / karyotype analysis / tumor

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杨飞城,胡洁,胡庆,李艳春,刘潇,谭夏明. 淋巴造血系统疾病患者染色体核型异常谱、疾病关联性及高频基因突变的特征[J]. 中山大学学报(医学科学版), 2026, 47(2): 306-314 DOI:10.11714/jsysu.med.YX20260002

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在淋巴造血系统疾病中,染色体异常是驱动疾病发生和发展的关键分子机制之一1。突变类型多样,与疾病亚型、预后及治疗反应密切相关2。核型异常不仅是基因检测的重要靶点,检测结果是临床诊疗决策的核心依据3。常见的染色体异常包括数目异常和结构异常,数目异常指细胞中染色体总数偏离正常二倍体(人类正常为46条染色体),或特定染色体出现额外拷贝(三体性)或缺失(单体性)4。这类异常会导致基因组剂量失衡,进而引发基因表达紊乱,促进肿瘤发生5。染色体结构异常是淋巴造血系统疾病,尤其是淋巴造血系统肿瘤中更常见的分子事件,主要包括染色体易位、缺失、重复、倒位等,这类异常往往会导致基因融合、抑癌基因失活或原癌基因激活,是疾病特异性分子标志,其中染色体易位是最常见的突变,多由两条非同源染色体之间发生片段交换,导致原本位于不同染色体上的基因融合,形成具有致癌活性的融合基因,驱动肿瘤发生,这是淋巴瘤、白血病中最具诊断价值的染色体异常类型6-10。我们收集了2021年1月至2025年7月间在湖南省人民医院(湖南师范大学附属第一医院)进行骨髓染色体核型分析的淋巴造血系统疾病的患者资料,对核型的重现性进行分析,并将核型与疾病类型关联起来,期望为临床决策提供指导。

1 材料与方法

1.1 研究对象

本研究采用横断面研究方法,收集2021年1月至2025年7月间在湖南省人民医院(湖南师范大学附属第一医院)进行骨髓染色体核型分析的淋巴造血系统疾病的患者资料,共计548人,其中男性298人,女性250人,病理诊断结果提示,淋巴细胞增殖性疾病有67例,髓系增殖性疾病有113例,骨髓衰竭性疾病有35例,浆细胞瘤及免疫缺陷病等统归于其他淋巴造血系统疾病,共有12例,另有43例患者临床诊断未明确,其他患者未诊断为淋巴造血系统疾病。分析所有患者23对染色体的核型结果,发现共计有127人检测到核型异常。本研究经湖南省人民医院(湖南师范大学附属第一医院)伦理委员会批准(LY-2025-138),所有患者均签署知情同意书。

1.2 方 法

骨髓染色体核型分析:分离单个核细胞后,体外培养至有丝分裂中期,用秋水仙素抑制纺锤体形成,显微镜下筛选中期分裂相,通过分析系统配对排序,依据 ISCN 标准识别数目、形态异常。显带分析应用Giemsa染色G显带。染色体核型按照《人类细胞遗传学命名国际体制(ISCN)2024》分析描述。

核型与疾病表型的关联性分析:本研究采用回顾性统计分析方法,将548例淋巴造血系统肿瘤患者的染色体核型检测结果与临床疾病诊断表型进行关联性匹配。依据临床确诊结果,将患者划分为骨髓增生异常综合征、急性白血病、慢性粒细胞白血病、血小板增多症、全血细胞减少症、真性红细胞增多症等亚组。其次,对各疾病亚组的核型数据进行逐一梳理,统计不同疾病类型中特异性染色体变异类型、突变频次及重现性特征,重点分析染色体易位、数目异常等变异类型与疾病表型的对应关系。针对高频出现的核型变异,计算其在各疾病亚组中的检出频率,明确核型变异与疾病表型的关联性强度。通过组间对比分析,归纳不同淋巴造血系统肿瘤的特征性核型谱,分析相关重现性特征。

2 结 果

2.1 受检患者总体特征

548例受检者中共检测到127例患者存在染色体异常,其中男性84例,女性43例,平均年龄58.26岁,中位年龄41岁(年龄范围1~81岁)。分别对这127例患者的常染色体、性染色体异常突变谱进行单独分析。高频突变区域位于3、8、9、15号染色体及Y染色体上。从上述548例患者中,排除核型正常的421例,最终确定核型异常的患者共127例。

2.2 常染色体异常患者的易位突变谱及高频变异染色体分布特征

127例患者中,检测到染色体易位的患者有64例,其中男性患者43例,女性患者21例,共检出突变67条,其中有3名患者同时检出了2种易位,分别是t(9;15)(q34;q11)/t(17;22)(q21;q13)、t(6;9)(p23;q34)/t(6;14)(q13;q24)、t(15;17)(q24;q21)/t(10;11)(p15;q13),另有22名患者都检出了t(9;22)(q34;q11.2)突变,有10名患者检出了t(15;17)(q24;q21)突变,有5名患者检出了t(8;21)(q22;q22)突变(突变谱详见附表1)。对所有突变的检出频率进行归类,发现常发生变异的染色体集中在9(28次)/15(14次)/11(10次)/8(9次)/3(6次)/6(4次)/22(4次)号上,属于高频变异区域(附表2),典型常染色体异常核型见图1。另外,我们还统计了常染色体缺失、重复、插入及其他突变类型,包括衍生染色体及等臂衍生染色体共计29例,这一类型的突变较为复杂,存在多种类型突变共检出的情况,其中有3人突变为46,XY,t(15;17)(q24;q21)/46,XY,der(15)t(15;17)(q24;q21),ider(17)(q10)t(15;17),如附表3所见,8号染色体重复或增加的情况属于高频突变,此外,还包含部分缺失/重复与易位同时检出的情况。

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基金资助

湖南省自然科学基金(2025JJ60591)

湖南省人民医院青年博士基金(暨 2023 年国自培育项目)(BSJJ202218)

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