N、K施肥时期及比例对膜下滴灌马铃薯生长发育及产量的影响

Effects of Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilizer Application Timing and Proportion on Growth, Development, and Yield of Drip-irrigated Potato under Plastic Mulch

摘要

为探究肥料对马铃薯生长发育及产量的影响，在膜下滴灌条件下开展氮、钾肥施肥时期及施肥比例试验。以‘新大坪’为材料，设7个氮钾肥施肥处理，其中基施N100%、K100%为对照（CK）。不同施肥时期对马铃薯出苗及物候期无影响，但肥料全部基施（CK）处理在盛花期时的株高显著低于“基施+追施”的处理。各处理基本呈现肥料基施量越高单株产量越低的趋势，T2处理（N、K肥基施50%，苗期施N15%、K5%，现蕾期N15%、K15%，初花期N10%、K5%，盛花期N5%、K25%，终花期N5%的处理）的单株产量显著高于CK处理。肥料基施50%和60%的处理商品薯率及产量高于CK处理，尤以T2表现最佳，产量达65 067 kg/hm²，较对照增产21.86%。因此，T2处理可作为最佳施肥配比在当地马铃薯栽培中应用。

Abstract

An experiment was conducted on the timing and proportion of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertilizer application under the condition of drip irrigation under plastic mulch in order to explore the effects of fertilizer on the growth, development, and yield of potatoes. Using 'Xindaping' as the experimental material, seven N and K fertilizer treatments were set up, with the control (CK) being basal application of 100% N and 100% K. Different fertilizer application timing had no effect on potato emergence and phenological stages. However, the plant height at the full flowering stage under the treatment of basal application of all fertilizers (CK) was significantly lower than that of treatments with "basal application + topdressing". All treatments generally showed a trend of lower per-plant yield with higher basal application of fertilizer. The per-plant yield of the T2 treatment (basal application of 50% N and 50% K fertilizer, with topdressing of 15% N and 5% K at the seedling stage, 15% N and 15% K at the budding stage, 10% N and 5% K at the initial flowering stage, 5% N and 25% K at the full flowering stage, and 5% N at the final flowering stage) was significantly higher than that of the CK treatment. The treatments with 50% and 60% basal fertilizer application showed higher marketable tuber percentages and tuber yields than the CK treatment, with T2 performing the best. Its yield reached 65 067 kg/ha, representing a 21.86% increase compared to the control. Therefore, the T2 treatment could be applied as the optimal fertilizer allocation in local potato cultivation.

关键词

马铃薯 / 肥料配比 / 生长发育 / 产量

Key words

potato / fertilizer proportion / growth and development / yield

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基金资助

甘肃省重点研发计划(24YFNJ003)

定西市重点技术攻关专项(DX2024AZ15)