乌兰察布市19个马铃薯品种适应性评价

Adaptability Evaluation of 19 Potato Varieties in Ulanqab

摘要

为解决马铃薯种植从“多杂乱”向专业化转变，兼顾鲜食与加工（淀粉、全粉）等多用途品种，缓解产业对新品种的迫切需求矛盾，筛选适合乌兰察布市生态与产业需求的马铃薯新品种，以19个马铃薯品种为研究对象开展品种试验。通过对其基本性状（薯肉颜色、薯皮颜色、薯形）、品质（维生素C含量、还原糖含量、干物质含量）、产量、商品薯率和单株结薯数指标进行系统评价，结合主成分分析进行品种综合排序评价其推广价值。19个品种的表型多样性差异显著，薯肉颜色以中等黄色和黄色为主，共11个品种，占比57.90%；薯形以椭圆形与卵圆形占主导，共11个品种，占比57.90%；薯皮颜色则以黄色品种居多，为11个品种，占比57.90%。生育期方面，中熟品种共10个品种，占比52.63%，极早熟品种和晚熟品种缺失；种植方面结合产量和商品薯率及生产实际，可选取‘希森1号’和‘中加7’为核心，兼顾‘希森6号’‘京张薯3号’，此类品种在营养品质、商品薯率与适应性上表现均衡，可满足鲜食与加工双重需求；在薯片加工方面，选择低还原糖且高产的品种，如‘大西洋’与‘蒙花2号’；薯条加工方面，可以选择‘希森6号’‘华颂7号’与‘褐色布尔班克’；全粉加工方面，选择‘中加11’‘华晟7号’，同时优化中晚熟品种结构，保留现有优势中晚熟品种，如‘京张薯3号’，产量60.55 t/hm²，商品薯率接近90%，也可引入极早熟品种以填补市场空窗期，增强种植制度灵活性。该研究结果为乌兰察布市马铃薯产业的持续健康发展奠定坚实基础。

Abstract

In response to the rapid demand for new potato varieties and the contradiction between the shift of potato cultivation from "numerous and disorderly" to specialization, taking into account varieties for different uses such as fresh consumption and processing (starch, whole flour), evaluation experiments, including 19 varieties, were conducted to screen superior new varieties suitable for Ulanqab's ecological and industrial conditions. A comprehensive ranking of varieties was conducted to assess their promotion value, through a systematic evaluation of their basic traits (flesh and skin color, and tuber shape), quality (vitamin C, reducing sugar, and dry matter contents), yield, marketable tuber percentage, and tuber-producing ability of individual plants to produce tubers, combined with principal component analysis. Obvious phenotypic diversity was observed among the 19 varieties. The predominant flesh colors were medium yellow and yellow across 11 varieties, accounting for 57.90%, and the most common tuber shapes were oval and elliptical (57.90%). The tuber color was mainly yellow, 11 varieties, accounting for 57.90%. In terms of the growth period, there were 10 medium maturing potato varieties, accounting for 52.63%, with very early maturing and late maturing varieties being absent. Considering yield and marketable tuber percentage as well as production reality, 'Xisen 1' and 'Zhongjia 7' were the best choice, while 'Xisen 6' and 'Jingzhangshu 3' were also taken into account. The demands of fresh consumption and processing were met by the varieties performing well in terms of nutritional quality, marketable tuber percentage, and adaptability. In terms of potato chip processing, varieties with low reducing sugar content and high yield are recommended, such as 'Atlantic' and 'Menghua 2'. For French fries processing, 'Xisen 6', 'Huasong 7' and 'Russet Burbank' are recommended. In terms of whole powder processing, choose 'Zhongjia 11' and 'Huasheng 7'. The flexibility of the planting system can be enhanced by optimizing the structure of mid-late maturing varieties, retaining existing advantageous mid-late maturing varieties, such as 'Jingzhangshu 3', with a yield of 60.55 t/ha and marketable tuber percentage close to 90%. Very early maturing varieties should also be introduced to fill market gaps. These results provide a solid foundation for the sustained and healthy development of the potato industry in Ulanqab.

关键词

马铃薯 / 品种 / 产量 / 品质 / 结薯数 / 生育期

Key words

potato / variety / yield / quality / tuber number per plant / growing period

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基金资助

内蒙古自治区育种联合攻关项目(YZ2023006)

内蒙古科技计划项目(2021GG0011)