水氮处理对马铃薯产量形成及干物质分配的影响

Yield Formation and Dry Matter Allocation of Potatoes are Affected by Water and Nitrogen Treatments

摘要

马铃薯是中国重要的粮食作物之一，是国民生活中不可缺少的物资。提高马铃薯的产量是产业发展需要解决的一个大问题。水和氮是影响马铃薯生产的两个重要因子，也是可以人为调控的农业生产要素。以加工型马铃薯品种‘大西洋’和‘东农314’为材料进行盆栽试验，研究不同水氮处理对产量及干物质块茎分配比例的影响。水分处理设3种土壤相对含水量：正常水分（W3，土壤最大持水量的80%）、轻度水分胁迫（W2，土壤最大持水量的65%）和重度水分胁迫（W1，土壤最大持水量的50%）；氮肥处理设为不施氮（N0，0 g/盆）、中氮（N1，4.5 g/盆）和高氮（N2，9.0 g/盆）。不同水氮处理对两个品种的单株块茎产量及块茎干物质分配比例均产生显著影响（P < 0.05）。在正常水分条件下，与不施氮肥相比，适宜施氮处理（W3N1）显著提高了单株块茎产量，而水分胁迫条件下，与中施氮肥相比，高氮肥未能进一步提高产量。在出苗后80 d时‘大西洋’和‘东农314’的块茎干物质分配比例在所有条件下，中氮水平下的干物质分配比例全部高于不施氮水平及高氮水平，与不施氮水平有显著差异（‘东农314’W1和W2除外）。说明适宜的水氮配比有利于促进马铃薯干物质向块茎分配。该研究为揭示水氮耦合调控马铃薯产量形成机制提供了盆栽试验依据。

Abstract

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most important staple food crops in China and plays an essential role in national food security. Improving potato yield remains a major challenge in the development of the industry. Water and nitrogen are two key factors affecting potato growth and are also important agronomic factors that can be regulated artificially. In this study, a pot experiment was conducted using two processing potato varieties, 'Atlantic' and 'Dongnong 314', to investigate the effects of different water and nitrogen treatments on yield formation and dry matter distribution. Three soil water levels were established: normal water supply (W3, 80% of soil maximum water-holding capacity), mild water stress (W2, 65% of soil maximum water-holding capacity), and severe water stress (W1, 50% of soil maximum water-holding capacity). Nitrogen treatments included no nitrogen application (N0, 0 g/pot), medium nitrogen (N1, 4.5 g/pot), and high nitrogen (N2, 9.0 g/pot). Different water and nitrogen treatments had significant effects on single-plant tuber yield and tuber dry matter distribution in both varieties (P < 0.05). Under normal water conditions, compared with no nitrogen application, the appropriate nitrogen application treatment (W3N1) significantly increased single-plant tuber yield, whereas compared with medium nitrogen application, increasing nitrogen application under water stress did not further improve yield. At 80 days after emergence, the tuber dry matter distribution ratios of 'Atlantic' and 'Dongnong 314' under all conditions were higher at the medium nitrogen level than at the non-nitrogen level and the high nitrogen level, with significant differences from the non-nitrogen level (except for W1 and W2 of 'Dongnong 314'). These results indicate that an appropriate water-nitrogen combination is beneficial for promoting dry matter allocation to tubers. This study provides pot-experiment-based evidence for elucidating the effects of water-nitrogen coupling on potato yield formation.

关键词

马铃薯 / 水氮耦合 / 施氮量 / 源库关系

Key words

potato / water-nitrogen coupling / nitrogen application rate / source library relationship

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基金资助

国家现代农业产业技术体系专项(CARS-09)

黑龙江省自然科学基金联合引导项目(LH2024C003)

北大荒智慧农场关键技术集成攻关(BDHXX-JS-2025040)