水溶性硅肥对马铃薯生长及产量的影响

Effects of Water-soluble Silicon Fertilizer on Potato Growth and Yield

摘要

为探究水溶性硅肥对马铃薯生长及产量的影响，以品种‘新大坪’原种（一级种生产）、试管苗（原原种生产）为试验材料，设置硅肥不同施用量处理，开展滴施、喷施硅肥试验，分析硅肥对马铃薯农艺性状、结薯性状、商品薯率/有效薯率及产量的影响。在一级种生产中，滴施6.0 kg/hm²硅肥效果最优，株高和叶片SPAD值分别较CK提高14.50%和9.13%，折合产量58 011 kg/hm²，较CK增产11.64%，商品薯率达90.76%。在原原种生产中，叶面喷施30 kg/hm²硅肥可显著增加植株茎粗15.23%，提高叶片SPAD值8.47%，单株有效薯粒数达3.26粒，较CK增加35.83%，单位面积产量445.58粒/m²，较CK增产29.36%，有效薯率达81.42%。因此，合理施用水溶性硅肥可改善马铃薯植株生长与光合性能，优化结薯性状，显著提高种薯产量与合格率，水溶性硅肥6.0 kg/hm²滴施量及30 kg/hm²叶面喷施量可作为最佳施用量在当地马铃薯‘新大坪’一级种和原原种生产中应用。

Abstract

Experiments with different silicon application rates (drip application and foliar application) were conducted using variety 'Xindaping' elite (for qualified I production) and tissue culture plantlets (for pre-elite production) as experimental materials in order to investigate the effects of water-soluble silicon fertilizer on potato growth and yield. The effects of silicon fertilizer on potato agronomic characteristics, tuber setting characteristics, marketable tuber percentage/effective tuber rate and yield were analyzed. In qualified I seed potato production, drip application of 6.0 kg/ha silicon fertilizer had the best performance. Plant height and leaf SPAD value were increased by 14.50% and 9.13% compared with the control (CK), respectively. The converted yield was 58 011 kg/ha, with a yield increase of 11.64%, and the marketable tuber rate reached 90.76%. In pre-elite seed potato production, foliar application of 30 kg/ha silicon fertilizer significantly increased stem diameter by 15.23% and leaf SPAD value by 8.47%. The number of effective tubers per plant was 3.26, which was 35.83% higher than CK. The yield was 445.58 tubers/m², with a yield increase of 29.36%, and the effective tuber rate reached 81.42%. Therefore, rational application of water-soluble silicon fertilizer can improve plant growth, photosynthetic characteristics and tuber setting traits, and significantly increase seed tuber yield and quality rate. Drip application at 6.0 kg/ha and foliar application at 30 kg/ha are recommended as the optimal dosages for local variety 'Xindaping' qualified I and pre-elite seed potato production, respectively.

关键词

马铃薯 / 水溶性硅肥 / 生长 / 产量

Key words

potato / water-soluble silicon fertilizer / growth / yield

参考文献

[1] 谢从华. 马铃薯产业的现状与发展[J]. 华中农业大学学报(社会科学版), 2012(1): 1-4.

[2] 卢肖平. 马铃薯主粮化战略的意义、瓶颈与政策建议[J]. 华中农业大学学报(社会科学版), 2015(3): 1-7.

[3] 李凯, 张国辉, 郭志乾, 等. 叶面喷施铁锌锰微肥对马铃薯生长、品质与产量的影响[J]. 作物研究, 2018, 32(1): 28-30, 34.

[4] 祖克琼. 马铃薯种植以及病虫害防治[J]. 吉林农业, 2019(5): 70.

[5] 张帆. 基于黑膜覆盖的冬作马铃薯硅肥适宜用量研究[D]. 广州: 华南农业大学, 2019.

[6] 杨肃昌, 马保林, 梁雅洁, 等. 甘肃省农业全产业链建设问题研究[J]. 寒旱农业科学, 2025, 4(10): 883-892.

[7] 何万春, 黄凯, 令鹏, 等. 不同有机肥氮替代化肥氮比例对马铃薯根系吸收能力和形态的影响[J]. 作物杂志, 2020(3): 132-136.

[8] Coskun D, Britto D T, Huynh W Q, et al. The role of silicon in higher plants under salinity and drought stress[J]. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2016, 7: 1072.

[9] 刘天昊, 张翼飞, 王怀鹏, 等. 叶面喷施硅肥对寒地玉米干物质积累分配及产量品质的调控效应[J]. 作物杂志, 2021(4):112-117.

[10] 王圣毅, 陈林, 李丽, 等. 硅肥对膜下滴灌水稻生长发育及产量的影响[J]. 中国稻米, 2016, 22(5): 85-88.

[11] 郝立冬, 于立河, 郭伟, 等. 硅肥对春小麦生长发育及产量的影响[J]. 黑龙江八一农垦大学学报, 2013, 25(2): 1-4, 16.

[12] 杨钰洁. 施硅对燕麦抗倒伏性状及种子产量的影响[D]. 西宁: 青海大学, 2022.

[13] 师丽丽, 张小静, 闫承宏, 等. N、K施肥时期及比例对膜下滴灌马铃薯生长发育及产量的影响[J]. 中国马铃薯, 2025, 39(4):300-304.

[14] 陈茜午, 温蕊, 张永虎. 叶面喷施硅肥对谷子生长发育及产量的影响[J]. 北方农业学报, 2020, 48(1): 56-60.

[15] 王茂辉, 聂金泉, 任勇, 等. 不同硅肥用量对水稻生长的影响研究[J]. 广东农业科学, 2020, 47(2): 61-67.

[16] 李阳. 不同施硅量对马铃薯农艺性状及产量品质的影响[D]. 大庆: 黑龙江八一农垦大学, 2023.

基金资助

甘肃省重点研发计划(24YFNJ003)

定西市重点研发计划(DX2025AYN015)