A clustered routing method for underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs) based on an improved whale optimization method (UCWOM) is proposed to address the problem of energy efficiency in UASNs. The method can effectively balance the energy consumption of sensor nodes in a UASN, thus extending the network lifecycle. It is also able to dynamically adjust the cluster size and balance the cluster head load according to the remaining energy of the cluster head and other factors. Simulation results show that the method can effectively reduce the overall network energy consumption and extend the network survival time compared to other typical energy consumption optimization methods.
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