雷公藤通过调控骨髓源性抑制细胞的分化及功能缓解急性肺损伤

魏玲玉 ,  仝淑 ,  王梦儿 ,  任宏政 ,  王金胜

中南大学学报(医学版) ›› 2025, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (05) : 840 -850.

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中南大学学报(医学版) ›› 2025, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (05) : 840 -850. DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2025.240424
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雷公藤通过调控骨髓源性抑制细胞的分化及功能缓解急性肺损伤

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Tripterygium wilfordii attenuates acute lung injury by regulating the differentiation and function of myeloid-derived suppressor cells

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摘要

目的 急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI)是以气体交换功能障碍为特点的急性呼吸功能不全综合征。由于缺乏有效的针对性药物,患者病死率高,总体预后较差。雷公藤(Tripterygium wilfordii,TW)在治疗多种疾病时表现出抗炎活性。本研究旨在探讨TW在ALI过程中对骨髓源性抑制细胞(myeloid-derived suppressor cells,MDSCs)的影响及其作用机制,以期为TW作为ALI的潜在辅助治疗药物提供实验依据。 方法 将18只无特定病原体(specific pathogen free,SPF)级C57BL/6小鼠随机分为NC组(经鼻吸入生理盐水)、脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)组(经鼻吸入5 mg/kg LPS诱导ALI)和LPS+TW组(造模首日予50 mg/kg TW预先灌胃,后经鼻吸入5 mg/kg LPS诱导ALI),每组各6只。采用肺组织病理评分和肺组织湿/干重比评估小鼠肺组织损伤和肺水肿情况;采用酶联免疫吸附分析(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)评估各组小鼠肺组织灌洗液中炎症因子[白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-1β、IL-6、IL-18、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)]水平;采用流式细胞术分析各组小鼠骨髓、脾脏、外周血及肺组织中MDSCs及其亚型多形核MDSCs(polymorphonuclear MDSCs,PMN-MDSCs)与单核细胞性MDSCs(monocytic MDSCs,M-MDSCs)的比例,以及肺组织中活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)水平;采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction,RT-qPCR)测定诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)、精氨酸酶-1(arginase-1,ARG-1)的mRNA表达水平。从LPS组小鼠肺脏分选PMN-MDSCs,将其与C57BL/6小鼠脾脏分离的CD3+ T细胞共培养,分为NC组、雷公藤甲素(triptolide,TPL)-L组和TPL-H组,分别加入牛血清白蛋白、25 nmol/L TPL和50 nmol/L TPL。通过流式细胞术检测在不同TPL浓度下,PMN-MDSCs对T细胞增殖的影响;通过RT-qPCR测定iNOSARG-1 mRNA的表达水平。 结果 与NC组相比,LPS组小鼠肺组织病变明显,肺组织病理评分、湿/干重比均显著增高(均P<0.001);与LPS组相比,LPS+TW组小鼠肺组织病变缓解,肺组织病理评分、湿/干重比均显著下降(均P<0.05)。ELISA结果显示LPS+TW组小鼠各炎症因子水平较LPS组均显著下降(均P<0.001)。与LPS组相比,LPS+TW组小鼠脾脏、骨髓、外周血及肺组织MDSCs在CD45+细胞中的比例均显著下降(均P<0.05),脾脏、外周血及肺组织中PMN-MDSCs在CD45+细胞中比例均显著下降(均P<0.05),且肺组织中ROS水平显著降低(P<0.001)。与LPS组相比,LPS+TW组小鼠肺组织中iNOSARG-1 mRNA的水平均显著降低(均P<0.001)。与TPL-L组相比,TPL-H组中CD3+ T细胞增殖率显著增加(P<0.001),且iNOSARG-1 mRNA的表达水平均显著降低(均P<0.05)。 结论 TW可缓解LPS诱导的小鼠ALI的进展,这可能与其减少肺组织中MDSCs比例,减弱PMN-MDSCs免疫抑制功能有关。

Abstract

Objective Acute lung injury (ALI) is an acute respiratory failure syndrome characterized by impaired gas exchange. Due to the lack of effective targeted drugs, it is associated with high mortality and poor prognosis. Tripterygium wilfordii (TW) has demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity in the treatment of various diseases. This study aims to investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of TW on myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in ALI, providing experimental evidence for TW as a potential adjuvant therapy for ALI. Methods Eighteen specific pathogen-free (SPF) C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into normal control (NC; intranasal saline), lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 5 mg/kg intranasally to induce ALI), and LPS+TW (50 mg/kg TW by gavage on the first day of modeling, followed by 5 mg/kg LPS intranasally to induce ALI) groups (n=6 each). Lung injury and edema were assessed by histopathological scoring and wet-to-dry weight ratio. Cytokine levels [interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-18, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)] in lung tissue lavage fluid were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Flow cytometry was used to assess the proportions of MDSCs, polymorphonuclear MDSCs (PMN-MDSCs), and monocytic MDSCs (M-MDSCs) in bone marrow, spleen, peripheral blood, and lung tissue, as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in lung tissues. Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and arginase-1 (ARG-1) in lung tissues were determined by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). PMN-MDSCs sorted from the lungs of LPS-treated mice were co-cultured with splenic CD3+ T cells and divided into NC, triptolide (TPL)-L, and TPL-H groups, with bovine serum albumin, 25 nmol/L TPL, and 50 nmol/L TPL, respectively. Flow cytometry was used to detect the effect of PMN-MDSCs on T-cell proliferation, and RT-qPCR was used to measure iNOS and ARG-1 mRNA expression. Results Compared with the NC group, the LPS group showed marked lung pathology with significantly increased histopathological scores and wet-to-dry ratios (both P<0.001). TW treatment significantly alleviated lung injury and reduced both indices compared with the LPS group (both P<0.05). Cytokine levels were significantly decreased in the LPS+TW group compared with the LPS group (all P<0.001). The proportions of MDSCs in CD45+ cells from spleen, bone marrow, peripheral blood, and lung, as well as PMN-MDSCs from spleen, peripheral blood, and lung, were significantly reduced in the LPS+TW group compared with the LPS group (all P<0.05), accompanied by reduced ROS levels in lung tissues (P<0.001). iNOS and ARG-1 mRNA expression in lung tissues was significantly lower in the LPS+TW group than in the LPS group (both P<0.001). In vitro, compared with the TPL-L group, the TPL-H group showed significantly increased CD3+ T-cell proliferation (P<0.001), and decreased iNOS and ARG-1 mRNA expression (all P<0.05). Conclusion TW alleviates the progression of LPS-induced ALI in mice, potentially by reducing the proportion of MDSCs in lung tissues and attenuating the immunosuppressive function of PMN-MDSCs.

Graphical abstract

关键词

急性肺损伤 / 骨髓源性抑制细胞 / 雷公藤 / 活性氧 / 精氨酸酶1

Key words

acute lung injury / myeloid-derived suppressor cells / Tripterygium wilfordii / reactive oxygen species / arginase-1

引用本文

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魏玲玉,仝淑,王梦儿,任宏政,王金胜. 雷公藤通过调控骨髓源性抑制细胞的分化及功能缓解急性肺损伤[J]. 中南大学学报(医学版), 2025, 50(05): 840-850 DOI:10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2025.240424

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急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI)是一种由直接或间接损伤因素引起、以气体交换功能障碍为特点的急性呼吸功能不全综合征,其严重进展期被定义为急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)[1-2]。ALI/ARDS常见的诱因包括脓毒症、肺炎、吸入毒物、严重创伤及休克等[3-4]。ALI的炎症反应机制为:肺泡毛细血管内皮细胞损伤使血管通透性增加,导致炎症细胞聚集、充血和间质水肿[5];肺泡上皮细胞损伤引起纤维蛋白渗出、中性粒细胞迁移。激活的中性粒细胞与肺泡巨噬细胞、血小板等生成多种物质,加剧炎症,最终导致肺纤维化[1]。流行病学研究[6]表明:在中国重症医学病房救治的患者中,轻中度和重度ALI/ARDS患者分别占9.7%和47.4%,病死率为46.3%。目前,针对ALI的治疗药物主要为阿司匹林、皮质类固醇与外源性表面活性剂等,但其仅对部分患者有效且毒副作用较大[7-8]。因此,寻找更有效的药物抑制ALI的炎症反应是亟待解决的难题之一。
雷公藤(Tripterygium wilfordii,TW)是一种在亚洲大陆发现的多年生藤本植物,包括生物碱(如雷公藤春碱、雷公藤新碱)、二萜类[如雷公藤甲素(triptolide,TPL)、雷公藤乙素]、三萜类(如雷公藤红素、雷公藤内酯甲)、倍半萜类及糖类等多种成分。其中,TPL被认为是TW的主要有效成分和毒性成分[9-10]。TW或其活性成分在脓毒血症[11-12]、自身免疫性疾病[13-14]、癌症[15-16]和骨质疏松症[17]等疾病中均表现出较强的药理效应,并通过调节多种细胞信号通路、抑制炎症因子的产生发挥抗炎活性。在炎症性肠病中,TPL抑制核因子κB(nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-κB)和转化生长因子-β(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)信号通路[18-19];在风湿性关节炎中,TW及其活性成分抑制肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)的表达,减少一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)和前列腺素E2的合成[20-22]。TW作为促炎性细胞因子相关信号通路的有效抑制剂,通过抑制关键信号分子及其下游通路,限制急性炎症反应的过度激活,并促进其向慢性阶段过渡[18, 20-22]。研究[23]发现异钩藤碱(TW提取的生物碱)可有效减轻小鼠ALI的炎症反应,但其具体作用靶点尚不明确。
免疫细胞在ALI的炎症反应中发挥重要作用,骨髓源性抑制细胞(myeloid-derived suppressor cells,MDSCs)作为其中的重要组分参与炎症的发生、发展[24]。MDSCs是骨髓来源的抑制性细胞,有2个主要亚群:一种为多形核MDSCs(polymorphonuclear MDSCs,PMN-MDSCs),与成熟中性粒细胞在表型上相似;另一种为单核细胞MDSCs(monocytic MDSCs,M-MDSCs),在表型和形态上与单核细胞相似[25]。MDSCs在感染性疾病引发的炎症反应中起关键作用。在急性肺炎克雷伯菌感染时,MDSCs可被募集到肺组织中,诱导中性粒细胞凋亡,抑制炎症反应[26]。脓毒症患者脾脏、淋巴结和骨髓中MDSCs数量显著增加[27],并且与其临床不良预后相关[28]。但MDSCs在ALI炎症反应进程中的作用及其机制的相关文献较少。本研究主要探究TW对ALI的治疗作用,聚焦于TW干预后MDSCs在ALI进程中的浸润情况、功能改变,以期为治疗ALI提供新的理论依据和潜在治疗靶点。

1 材料与方法

1.1 伦理声明

本研究已获长治医学院动物实验伦理委员会批准(审批号:DW2021092)。所有动物实验均严格按照长治医学院实验动物管理条例进行。

1.2 实验动物与分组

无特定病原体(specific pathogen free,SPF)级C57BL/6小鼠(雌性,20~25 g)购自山西瑾瑜琦生物科技公司。小鼠均按照动物饲养标准在层流隔离环境饲养。室内温度控制在20~26 ℃,湿度控制在50%~60%,遵循昼夜规律交替的照明方法。饮水及摄食自由,饲料由长治医学院动物房提供,为灭菌后的标准饮食。在小鼠适应环境1周左右开始动物实验。

将18只C57BL/6小鼠随机分为3组:NC组(经鼻吸入5 mg/kg生理盐水)、脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)组(经鼻吸入5 mg/kg LPS诱导ALI)和LPS+TW组(造模首日予50 mg/kg TW预先灌胃,后经鼻吸入5 mg/kg LPS诱导ALI),每组各6只,轻轻旋转小鼠使吸入物质在肺部均匀分布。自造模首日始,每日通过小动物呼吸麻醉机使小鼠吸入异氟烷(45 mg/kg)进行麻醉[29],连续给药5 d,第7天处死小鼠。

1.3 试剂和仪器

LPS和TPL购自上海西格玛奥德里奇贸易有限公司。TW购自远大医药黄石飞云制药有限公司。苏木精-伊红(hematoxylin and eosin,HE)染料购自北京中杉金桥生物技术有限公司。组织细胞裂解液购自上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司。中性树胶购自上海沪试实验室器材股份有限公司。RPMI 1640购自武汉普诺赛生命科技有限公司。多聚甲醛购自广州维格斯生物科技有限公司。无水乙醇和二甲苯购自天津市永大化学试剂有限公司。TRIzol试剂盒、氯仿和异丙醇购自上海国药集团化学试剂有限公司。酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)试剂盒购自上海安迪生物科技有限公司。StarScript II第一链互补脱氧核糖核酸(complementary DNA,cDNA)合成试剂盒和RealStar绿色动力混合试剂盒购自北京康润诚业生物科技有限公司。死活染料、别藻青蛋白/Cyanine7标记的抗小鼠白细胞分化抗原45抗体、藻红蛋白(phycoerythrin,PE)/purified 抗小鼠/人CD11b抗体、多甲藻素-叶绿素蛋白复合物标记的抗小鼠Ly-6G/Ly-6C (Gr-1)抗体、抗CD3抗体和抗CD28抗体均购自北京Biolegend生物科技有限公司。别藻青蛋白/CyTM 7大鼠抗小鼠Ly-6G和异硫氰酸荧光素/CF594大鼠抗小鼠Ly-6C购自美国贝克顿-迪金森公司。活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)检测试剂盒(DCFH-DA)购自北京普利莱基因技术有限公司。光学显微镜购自日本Olympus公司。LSR Fortessa流式细胞仪购自美国贝克顿-迪金森公司。

1.4 方法

1.4.1 组织学检查

采用二氧化碳窒息法处死各组小鼠后,取小鼠新鲜肺组织,用4%多聚甲醛固定24 h,梯度乙醇脱水后,用石蜡包埋、切片,行HE染色。使用光学显微镜对组织标本进行观察,并由2名专业的病理科医师使用Smith评分法评估肺损伤程度:包括肺水肿、肺泡及间质炎症、肺泡及间质出血、肺不张、透明膜形成共5个指标;单项指标有相应症状得1分,无相应症状得0分;各项相加即为肺损伤病理评分。在同一切片中随机选择5个高倍镜视野进行评分,取均值。

1.4.2 肺组织湿/干重比

完整分离小鼠肺组织,用滤纸吸除肺组织表面的液体后称重并记录湿重。随后将肺组织置于70 ℃恒温烘箱48 h,称量并记录干重,计算每只小鼠肺组织湿/干重比。

1.4.3 肺组织灌洗液的收集和炎症因子的检测

打开小鼠胸腔,钝性分离暴露气管,剪开气管的1/2行气管插管,用1 mL注射器将0.5 mL PBS通过气管插管注入气管内进行灌洗后吸出,以上步骤重复3次,收集所有灌洗液,于4 ℃下以3 000 r/min离心10 min,收集上清液。根据试剂盒说明书,使用ELISA试剂盒检测上清液中白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-1β、IL-6、IL-18、TNF-α水平[30]。试剂盒的敏感性水平分别为4.8 pg/mL(IL-1β)、0.7 pg/mL(IL-6)、0.96 pg/mL(IL-18)和7.21 pg/mL(TNF-α)。

1.4.4 单细胞悬液的制备

1.4.4.1 肺组织单细胞悬液的制备

收集小鼠的新鲜肺组织,剪碎后置于EP管中,分次加入3 mL DNA酶I和胶原酶在37 ℃下消化,后置于摇床内持续搅拌消化组织。加入3 mL ACK红细胞裂解液溶解红细胞。使用40%及80% Percoll不连续密度梯度离心法获得单细胞。

1.4.4.2 小鼠骨髓细胞的分离

收集小鼠的胫骨和股骨,切下胫骨和股骨两端并用5 mL注射器吸取RPMI 1640冲出骨髓,离心收集细胞后用5 mL ACK红细胞裂解液裂解红细胞。

1.4.4.3 脾脏细胞悬液的制备

收集小鼠的脾脏,将70 μm细胞筛网置于已加入RPMI 1640的6孔板中,用5 mL注射器的活塞柄研磨筛网中的脾脏组织,直至只残留少许白色筋膜。离心收集细胞后,用5 mL ACK红细胞裂解液裂解红细胞。

1.4.4.4 外周血单细胞悬液的制备

通过眼球取血法收集小鼠外周血,加入3 mL ACK红细胞裂解液,使用1 mL移液器枪头轻柔吹打混匀,室温下静置5 min后,立即加入12 mL PBS终止反应。上述步骤重复3次。

1.4.5 流式细胞术

用荧光素偶联的抗体对细胞进行表面染色、固定和渗透,在染色过程中避光。所有流式细胞术相关的数据均采用LSR Fortessa流式细胞仪进行采集,采用FlowJo V10.0.7软件进行分析。小鼠MDSCs分型门控策略为:先圈选CD45⁺活细胞群,通过Zombie染料排除死细胞,后圈选总MDSCs(CD11b+Gr-1+)。在此基础上圈选PMN-MDSCs(CD11b+Gr-1+Ly6G+)、M-MDSCs(CD11b+Gr-1+Ly6C+)。

1.4.6 MDSCs免疫抑制功能实验

PMN-MDSCs主要通过生成诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)、精氨酸酶-1(arginase-1,ARG-1)和ROS,对T细胞产生免疫抑制作用。因此,通过流式细胞术检测各组小鼠肺组织中PMN-MDSCs生成的ROS水平,通过实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction,RT-qPCR)检测iNOSARG-1的mRNA表达水平,以评估TW对MDSCs功能是否存在抑制作用。

1.4.7 T细胞增殖实验

通过流式细胞术分选出LPS组小鼠肺组织中的PMN-MDSCs,将其与C57BL/6小鼠脾脏分离的CD3+ T细胞共培养,在37 ℃下用荧光染料羧基荧光素二醋酸琥珀酰亚胺酯(carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester,CFSE)标记15 min;细胞用含10%牛血清白蛋白(bovine serum albumin,BSA)的RPMI 1640培养于包被有抗CD3抗体(0.5 μg/mL)和抗CD28抗体(0.5 μg/mL)的96孔板中。将细胞分为NC组、TPL-L组和TPL-H组,分别加入BSA、25 nmol/L TPL和50 nmol/L TPL[31],共培养72 h后,采用抗CD3-PE抗体染色,通过LSR Fortessa流式细胞仪检测CFSE荧光强度,以评估T细胞的增殖能力。

1.4.8 RT-qPCR

使用TRIzol试剂盒从细胞中提取总RNA。使用ProFlex PCR系统和StarScript II第一链cDNA合成试剂盒说明书,以及QuantStudio 6 Flex系统和RealStar绿色动力混合试剂盒说明书进行RT-qPCR。采用相对标准曲线法测定各目的基因mRNA水平,β-actin为内参,2-ΔΔCt法计算目的基因的相对表达量。引物序列见表1

1.5 统计学处理

使用SPSS 17.0和GraphPad Prism 9.0软件进行数据分析。计量资料以均数±标准差表示,当其符合正态分布和方差齐性时,采用单因素方差分析进行组间比较,然后采用Tukey事后检验;当其不符合正态分布或方差齐性时,采用非参数检验进行组间比较。对于计数资料,使用Fisher精确检验比较组间差异。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结 果

2.1 <bold>TW</bold>减轻<bold>LPS</bold>诱导的小鼠<bold>ALI</bold>

LPS组小鼠肺组织出现大面积肿胀,部分区域伴有水肿、淤血及坏死,呈暗红色;而LPS+TW组小鼠的肺组织肿胀及损伤程度明显轻于LPS组(图1A)。

HE染色结果(图1B)显示:NC组小鼠肺组织结构正常,肺泡腔清晰、形态规则,肺泡及间质无明显充血、渗出及炎症细胞浸润;LPS组小鼠肺泡壁毛细血管充血、扩张明显,肺泡腔和肺组织间隙渗出明显且较多炎症细胞浸润;与LPS组相比,LPS+TW组小鼠肺泡病变明显减轻,部分肺泡壁毛细血管轻度扩张、充血,肺泡腔较为清晰、形态较为规则。

与NC组相比,LPS组小鼠肺损伤病理评分及肺组织湿/干重比均显著增高(均P<0.001);LPS+TW组小鼠肺损伤病理评分及肺组织湿/干重比均显著低于LPS组(均P<0.05,图1C、1D)。

2.2 <bold>TW</bold>减少<bold>ALI</bold>小鼠肺组织炎症因子的释放

ELISA检测结果(图2)显示:与NC组相比,LPS组小鼠肺组织中IL-1β、IL-6、IL-18、TNF-α水平均显著升高(均P<0.001);LPS+TW组小鼠肺组织中IL-1β、IL-6、IL-18、TNF-α水平较LPS组均显著下降(均P<0.001)。

2.3 <bold>TW</bold>降低<bold>ALI</bold>小鼠<bold>MDSCs</bold>比例

流式分析策略见图3A。流式细胞术结果显示:与LPS组相比,LPS+TW组小鼠脾脏、骨髓、外周血及肺组织中,MDSCs在CD45+细胞中的比例均显著下降(均P<0.05),且脾脏、外周血及肺组织中PMN-MDSCs在CD45+细胞中的比例均显著下降(均P<0.05,图3B)。

2.4 <bold>TW</bold>抑制<bold>ALI</bold>小鼠肺组织中<bold>PMN-MDSCs</bold>的免疫抑制功能

流式细胞术结果显示:与LPS组小鼠相比,LPS+TW组小鼠肺组织中ROS水平显著降低(均P<0.001,图4A)。RT-qPCR结果显示LPS+TW组小鼠肺组织iNOSARG-1的mRNA表达水平较LPS组显著降低(均P<0.001,图4B)。

2.5 <bold>TW</bold>减弱<bold>ALI</bold>小鼠<bold>PMN-MDSCs</bold>对<bold>T</bold>细胞增殖的抑制功能

流式细胞术结果显示:与TPL-L组相比,TPL-H组中CD3+ T细胞增殖率升高(P<0.001,图5A)。提示TW浓度的增加可减弱PMN-MDSCs抑制CD3+ T细胞增殖的作用。RT-qPCR结果显示:与NC组相比,TPL-L组和TPL-H组PMN-MDSCs中iNOSARG-1的mRNA表达水平均显著降低,且TPL-H组降低更显著(均P<0.05,图5B)。

3 讨 论

ALI/ARDS是临床常见的急症,以肺部过度炎症、血管通透性异常增加为主要特征,其特点是炎症反应和组织损伤严重,可导致多器官功能衰竭[32]。LPS是细菌细胞壁的主要成分,作为刺激物会导致炎症细胞浸润、趋化因子及细胞因子等释放,触发、放大炎症反应,常作为ALI模型的诱导物。因此,本研究选择采用LPS构建ALI小鼠模型。目前ALI的治疗方式主要是支持治疗,由于缺乏针对其发病机制的治疗药物,病死率很高[33]。因此深入探究ALI的发病机制并寻求新的治疗药物刻不容缓。

近年来,研究[30, 34-35]广泛关注TW、三叶苷和川贝母等中药通过减轻炎症反应对机体发挥的保护作用。TW作为临床上常用的有效抗炎药物,同时具有抗肿瘤和免疫抑制等生物学活性,是当前研究的热点。已经分离出TW的70多种化学提取物,包括生物碱、二萜类、三萜类等,其中二萜类(TPL、乙素、雷公藤内酯等)是活性最强和研究最多的提取物[36-38]。目前大量研究[39-41]主要针对TW在类风湿性关节炎、肾病综合征和系统性红斑狼疮等自身免疫介导的炎症性疾病中的疗效及相关作用机制,但TW在ALI中的作用及其机制鲜有文献报道。研究[42]表明TW能够减轻ALI小鼠气道炎症反应,但具体作用靶点尚不明确。本研究发现TW治疗后ALI小鼠肺组织病变缓解,肺损伤病理评分、肺组织湿/干重比、促炎性细胞因子水平均显著下降。以上结果提示TW对ALI有缓解作用,但其在ALI中发挥抗炎作用的靶点尚未有文献报道,这也是本研究所关注的关键问题。该问题的解决将可能为各种原因(如病毒、细菌、真菌、创伤和休克等)导致的ALI提供潜在的辅助治疗手段。

炎症反应是ALI发生、发展的关键因素,而免疫细胞参与ALI炎症反应的发生、发展。此前已报道巨噬细胞[43-45]、中性粒细胞[46-47]、T细胞[48]、自然杀伤细胞[49]等免疫细胞在ALI进展中发挥重要作用,但MDSCs在ALI中的作用,以及TW治疗前后对MDSCs在CD45+细胞中的比例及其功能的影响尚未有文献报道。MDSCs作为骨髓来源的免疫抑制性细胞,在健康群体中仅少量存在,而在发生炎症、肿瘤等疾病时,上调的炎症趋化因子可通过多种机制募集MDSCs,并与其他免疫细胞和相关炎症因子相互作用,发挥免疫抑制功能[50]。PMN-MDSCs通过生成ARG-1和ROS促进精氨酸分解代谢,消耗T细胞增殖和激活所需的关键营养物质,以抗原特异性的方式抑制免疫反应[50-52];M-MDSCs则通过NO和IL-10以抗原特异性和非特异性方式抑制T细胞反应[50, 53]。本研究首次发现TW治疗后LPS诱导的ALI小鼠骨髓、脾脏、外周血及肺组织中MDSCs的比例显著下降,且ARG-1iNOS的mRNA表达水平显著降低,PMN-MDSCs对T细胞增殖的抑制作用减弱。

综上,雷公藤可能通过抑制PMN-MDSCs分泌iNOS和ARG-1进而减弱其对T细胞增殖的抑制能力来发挥抗炎作用,故PMN-MDSCs可能是雷公藤在ALI进展中发挥抗炎作用的关键靶点。雷公藤可能作为各种诱因导致的ALI的潜在有效治疗药物,本研究结果为临床治疗ALI提供了新的思路。

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基金资助

上海市浦东新区卫生健康委员会卫生科技面上项目(PW2022A-21)

长治医学院附属和平医院院级科研基金(HPYJ202216)

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