靶向嵌合体技术:靶向乳腺癌不可成药靶点的新工具

陈中午 ,  沈三弟 ,  宋筱羽 ,  肖斌

中南大学学报(医学版) ›› 2025, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (07) : 1244 -1254.

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中南大学学报(医学版) ›› 2025, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (07) : 1244 -1254. DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2025.250032
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靶向嵌合体技术:靶向乳腺癌不可成药靶点的新工具

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Targeting chimera technology: A new tool for undruggable in breast cancer

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摘要

乳腺癌是全球女性最常见且致命的癌症之一,其治疗效果往往受限于耐药性和不可成药靶点的存在。传统小分子药物难以有效干预某些关键转录因子、非编码RNA等靶点,亟需新的治疗策略。蛋白质水解靶向嵌合体(proteolysis targeting chimeras,PROTACs)通过将致病蛋白质招募至细胞泛素-蛋白酶体系统,实现靶蛋白的特异性降解。而核糖核酸酶靶向嵌合体(ribonuclease targeting chimeras,RIBOTACs)则借助小分子配体结合RNA,并引导内源性核糖核酸酶切割降解目标RNA,从而实现对致病RNA的精准清除。靶向嵌合体技术通过“降解而非抑制”的新机制,拓展了药物研发的靶点范围,为乳腺癌(尤其是难治性、耐药性)病例提供了新的精准治疗策略。不仅克服了传统药物在结合位点缺乏或选择性差方面的局限,还能显著降低药物剂量与不良反应。现有研究已初步验证PROTACs和RIBOTACs在乳腺癌治疗中的潜力,其应用涵盖临床前研究和早期临床试验中靶点设计、分子机制等的探索。基于对靶向嵌合体技术在乳腺癌等疾病中的应用研究及PROTACs与RIBOTACs作用机制的解析,揭示该技术在不可成药靶点干预中的拓展潜力,为寻找安全性更优、治疗效能更高的乳腺癌精准治疗策略提供理论依据。未来,随着药物递送系统优化和临床试验深入,PROTACs与RIBOTACs有望与免疫治疗、化疗等方式协同应用,为乳腺癌患者带来更具前景的综合治疗方案,并可能推动肿瘤学向更广泛的不可成药靶点干预迈进。

Abstract

Breast cancer is one of the most common and fatal malignancies among women worldwide, and its treatment efficacy is often limited by drug resistance and the presence of undruggable targets. Traditional small-molecule drugs have difficulty effectively modulating certain critical targets such as transcription factors and non-coding RNAs, necessitating new therapeutic strategies. Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) function by recruiting pathogenic proteins to the cellular ubiquitin-proteasome system, thereby inducing their specific degradation. In contrast, ribonuclease-targeting chimeras (RIBOTACs) utilize small-molecule ligands but bind to RNA and direct endogenous RNases to selectively degrade pathogenic RNA molecules. By employing a “degradation rather than inhibition” mechanism, targeting chimera technology broadens the druggable landscape and offers a novel precision therapeutic strategy for breast cancer, particularly for refractory and drug-resistant cases. This approach not only overcomes the limitations of traditional drugs, such as the absence of suitable binding sites or poor selectivity, but also reduces required dosages and potential adverse effects. Recent studies have preliminarily demonstrated the therapeutic potential of PROTACs and RIBOTACs in breast cancer, encompassing target design, mechanistic investigation, and preclinical as well as early clinical applications. Research into these technologies reveals their ability to tackle previously undruggable targets, thereby providing theoretical support for the development of safer and more effective precision therapies for breast cancer. In the future, with advances in drug delivery systems and clinical trials, PROTACs and RIBOTACs are expected to be used synergistically with immunotherapy and chemotherapy, offering breast cancer patients more promising comprehensive treatment options and potentially driving oncology toward broader intervention of undruggable targets.

Graphical abstract

关键词

靶向嵌合体技术 / 乳腺癌 / 蛋白质水解靶向嵌合体 / 核糖核酸酶靶向嵌合体 / 不可成药靶点

Key words

targeting chimera technology / breast cancer / proteolysis targeting chimeras / ribonuclease targeting chimeras / undruggable targets

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陈中午,沈三弟,宋筱羽,肖斌. 靶向嵌合体技术:靶向乳腺癌不可成药靶点的新工具[J]. 中南大学学报(医学版), 2025, 50(07): 1244-1254 DOI:10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2025.250032

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乳腺癌是全球女性最常见且致命的癌症之一,分为Luminal A型[雌激素受体(estrogen receptor,ER)阳性、孕激素受体(progesterone receptor,PR)≥20%、人表皮生长因子受体(human epidermal growth factor receptor,HER)-2阴性、Ki-67增殖指数<20%]、Luminal B型(ER阳性、PR<20%、和/或HER-2阳性、和/或Ki-67增殖指数≥20%)、HER-2阳性(ER阴性、PR阴性、HER-2阳性)和三阴性乳腺癌(triple negative breast cancer,TNBC;ER阴性、PR阴性、HER-2阴性)[1-2]。乳腺癌的治疗策略高度依赖其分子亚型特性。Luminal型乳腺癌患者常采用内分泌治疗,HER-2阳性乳腺癌患者则采用曲妥珠单抗和拉帕替尼等药物靶向治疗[3]。TNBC因缺少有效的治疗靶点,主要采用多腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶抑制剂(poly adenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerase inhibitor,PARP)、免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitor,ICI)、抗体-药物缀合物和其他分子靶向疗法[3-5]
靶向嵌合体技术是一种新型药物开发策略,该技术利用泛素-蛋白酶体途径诱导特定靶标降解而非仅抑制其活性。根据靶点的不同,靶向嵌合体技术可分为蛋白质水解靶向嵌合体(proteolysis targeting chimeras,PROTACs)和核糖核酸酶靶向嵌合体(ribonuclease targeting chimeras,RIBOTACs)[6]。PROTACs通过靶向小分子蛋白质的药物与肿瘤细胞增殖高度依赖的特定蛋白质相互作用,以抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖与侵袭[7]。RIBOTACs利用小分子诱导降解剂开发了一种能够靶向并降解特定结构RNA的治疗工具[8]。PROTACs和RIBOTACs开创了治疗新策略,通过将疾病相关的蛋白质或RNA引导到细胞的自然降解途径,有望克服传统小分子药物的限制,从而靶向那些不可成药靶点,为乳腺癌治疗提供了新的可能[9]。本文旨在探讨靶向嵌合体技术在乳腺癌临床治疗中的前景及挑战。

1 乳腺癌治疗的现状

乳腺癌治疗的耐药性的出现和可治疗靶点的缺乏显著影响了患者的生存和预后。约20%的ER阳性乳腺癌患者在长期使用芳香化酶抑制剂(aromatase inhibitor,AI)或他莫昔芬治疗后复发[10]。该耐药机制通常与ER突变、ER和其他蛋白质或生长因子相互作用方式改变等导致ER重新激活有关[11]。HER-2阳性乳腺癌细胞展现出多样的耐药机制,包括HER-2基因突变、HER-2异常表达和耐药信号通路异常激活等[12-13]。ICI对晚期TNBC患者具有良好的疗效,但其应用受限于疗效的个体差异、不良反应的管理及对特定患者群体的效果预测,这要求临床在采用此类治疗策略时需对患者进行细致地筛选和监测[14-17]。嵌合抗原受体(chimeric antigen receptor,CAR)修饰的T细胞免疫疗法在乳腺癌临床前研究中展现出有效的抗肿瘤功效,有望成为乳腺癌(尤其是难治亚型,如TNBC)的重要治疗手段,但目前针对乳腺癌的临床研究主要集中在I/II期,其安全性、有效性及长期疗效仍需更多高质量的临床数据加以验证,未来需深入开展系统的临床转化与机制研究[18]

一些关键靶点在乳腺癌的发生、发展和耐药中发挥重要作用,具有解决上述临床问题的潜力,但传统靶向治疗手段难以直接对其进行干预。例如,TP53作为重要的肿瘤抑制因子,常见突变导致其功能丧失,虽然有小分子(如APR-246)可尝试恢复TP53功能,但其临床疗效有限[19]。微RNA-21(microRNA-21,miR-21)通过调控TGF-β-Smad信号通路、磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(phosphoinositide 3-kinase,PI3K)-蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B,Akt)通路和丝裂原激活的蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)/胞外信号调节激酶(extracellular signal-regulated kinase,ERK)信号通路等,帮助肿瘤细胞逃避免疫系统的监视,同时增强其侵袭和转移能力,进而推动肿瘤的发展。miR-21通过与其他基因的相互作用调控细胞的生理过程,而不直接编码蛋白质,并且由于miR-21广泛的网络调控和非特异性的作用,其作为治疗靶点的选择性和安全性仍面临较大挑战[20]。长链非编码RNA-p21(long non-coding RNA-p21,lncRNA-p21)作为肿瘤抑制因子,不仅参与细胞周期、凋亡及多种信号通路的调节,还可通过调控免疫微环境从而发挥多重作用。乳腺癌中lncRNA-p21的高表达与肿瘤生长的抑制和凋亡的促进密切相关,因此可作为潜在预后标志物。然而,lncRNA-p21复杂的调控机制及其与其他miRNA的交互作用也增加了靶向干预的难度[21]。这些靶点的传统治疗策略面临选择性差、耐药及不良反应等挑战,阻碍了其临床转化,对乳腺癌的治疗具有局限性,这提示开发新兴技术至关重要。

2 乳腺癌的不可成药靶点

传统意义上的不可成药靶点是指由于生物学特性和结构复杂而难以用常规药物直接干预的蛋白质或RNA。蛋白质靶点通常可以分为转录因子[如TP53、髓细胞瘤转录因子(myelocytomatosis transcription factors,MYC TFs)、低氧诱导因子(hypoxia-inducible factor,HIF)-1α、信号转导及转录激活因子3(signal transducer and activator of transcription 3,STAT3)、核受体剪接变体(如AR-V7)小GTP酶[如大鼠肉瘤病毒(rat sarcoma,Ras)家族蛋白]及涉及广泛蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用(protein-protein interaction,PPI)的蛋白质等;而RNA靶点则包括小干扰RNA(small interfering RNA,siRNA)、反义寡核苷酸(antisense oligonucleotide,ASO)、长链非编码RNA(long noncoding RNA,lncRNA)、信使RNA(messenger RNA,mRNA)、转运RNA(transfer RNA,tRNA)等。

2.1 蛋白质靶点

TP53是最常突变的肿瘤抑制转录因子,尤其在乳腺癌中。相较于抑制TP53突变,通过靶向治疗恢复其因突变丧失的功能更具挑战性[22]。在多种乳腺癌中,MYC基因扩增或过表达与疾病的侵袭性和不良预后相关[23]

TP53类似,MYC TFs也缺乏适合药物结合的明确位点,导致其难以被小分子直接靶向[24]。HIF-1α在正常生理条件下表达水平低,在肿瘤和心血管疾病中表达上调,理论上可作为治疗靶点。但是在实际操作中HIF-1α的抑制剂可能干扰正常血管内皮细胞的修复功能,并且HIF-1α、HIF-2α与HIF-3α存在功能交叉,缺乏高选择性抑制剂,导致较高的脱靶效应风险[25]。转录因子主要在细胞核内发挥作用[26-27],使传统大分子药物难以有效靶向,同时也增加了药物开发的复杂性[23, 28]

STAT3通常在乳腺癌中持续激活,最常见于TNBC[29]。由于STAT3的SH2结构域具有高度的保守性,很难开发出针对STAT3的特异性小分子抑制剂,使STAT3被认为是一个“非药物性”蛋白质[30]

核受体剪接变体AR-V7促进原发性乳腺癌及乳腺癌细胞系的生长,其配体结合域的缺乏介导了乳腺癌雄激素剥夺疗法的耐药性[31]

小GTP酶在信号转导中起核心作用,Ras家族蛋白[包括KRAS、NRAS和HRAS]的突变或过度活化常见于包括乳腺癌在内的多种癌症,其之所以缺乏可以靶向的药理学位点,主要原因在于其功能界面缺乏定义明确的配体结合位点[22, 28, 32]

此外,MYC和Ras家族小GTP酶的功能涉及广泛的PPI,也是难以靶向的原因之一[28]。结构的高异质性、靶向结合位点的缺乏[6, 27],以及适合小分子化学干预的活性部位的缺乏,是其难以成药的主要原因[33]

也有报道[34]指出:靶向药物的发现在很大程度上依赖于靶蛋白(protein of interest,POI)的三维结构,对三维结构未知的靶点,使用传统方法设计相应的靶向药物具有一定难度。

某些RNA结合蛋白也是不可“药化”的靶点。YTH N6-甲基腺苷RNA结合蛋白2(YTH N6-methyladenosine RNA binding protein 2,YTHDF2)是一种与TNBC的发生和发展密切相关的RNA结合蛋白。在MYC驱动的乳腺癌中,YTHDF2特异性识别并促进含m6A修饰的mRNA的降解及YTHDF2的功能与其他m6A读取蛋白质相交叉,可能会在不同的细胞环境中有不同的作用,增加了直接靶向YTHDF2治疗的复杂性[35]

2.2 <bold>RNA</bold>靶点

与具有明确、可预测的三维结构的蛋白质靶标不同,许多RNA分子的RNA结构域具有复杂性和动态性,这使传统的小分子药物靶向困难[36-38]。尽管大部分人类基因组被转录为RNA,但大量的RNA并不编码蛋白质,而是调控细胞功能[39]

MiR-155和miR-21是在乳腺癌细胞中高表达的非编码RNA,其不直接编码蛋白质,而是通过影响其他基因的表达调节细胞增殖、凋亡、迁移和侵袭等关键生物学过程[40-43]

lncRNA HOTAIR通过调控与肿瘤微环境相关的信号通路,如与乳腺癌的侵袭性和转移性相关的Wnt和Hedgehog信号通路的促癌作用依赖于其持续表达,而在临床治疗中难以实现长期、稳定的靶向抑制[44]

转移相关肺腺癌转录物1(metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1,MALAT1)在多种包括乳腺癌在内的癌症中表达升高,MALAT1通过核定位且依赖蛋白质-RNA动态互作调控癌细胞的迁移和侵袭,传统抑制剂难以阻断其功能[45]

LINC02568由雌激素诱导,通过反式调控和顺式调控的双重作用,促进乳腺癌增殖、转移,由于其无蛋白质产物,使得传统小分子难以对其进行靶向,从而导致了内分泌治疗的耐药[46]

HMGA2 mRNA通过调控上皮-间充质转化驱动乳腺癌转移,然而其mRNA的3'非翻译区(3' untranslated region,3'UTR)内与miR-150相互作用的结合位点具有构象动态性,这一结构特性导致传统抑制剂难以实现稳定结合[47]

tRNA的m7G修饰由甲基转移酶1-WD重复序列蛋白4复合物(methyltransferase 1-WD repeat domain 4 complex,METTL1-WDR4)特异性催化,其通过调控m7G修饰的tRNA丰度影响mRNA翻译效率及乳腺癌干细胞的自我更新能力。然而,tRNA的短序列特征,导致该修饰系统存在底物识别特异性低和靶向抑制剂设计困难的双重挑战[48]

传统药物在靶向RNA时面临的主要挑战通常与RNA分子的稳定性、结构复杂性、功能多样性及保守性有关。与此同时,不同种类的RNA在治疗中的应用也面临不同的技术难题,特别是在如何实现特异性靶向、提高药物的递送效率及减少不良反应等方面[38, 45, 49]

3 靶向嵌合体技术

3.1 PROTACs

3.1.1 工作原理

PROTACs分子由3个部分组成:一侧为POI配体,主要是小分子抑制剂;另一侧为E3连接酶的配体;中间通过由碳、氧、氮和氢等原子组成的连接链共价相连[50]。PROTACs在进入细胞后,其结构中的POI配体特异性与POI结合,E3连接酶配体与E3连接酶结合,从而形成POI-PROTACs-E3连接酶的三元复合物,E3连接酶介导泛素结合酶E2泛素化标记POI后三元复合物解离,该过程可重复进行,经过多聚泛素化作用标记的POI被蛋白酶体识别并降解,从而高效且持续降低POI的水平[51](图1)。PROTACs分子连接链的长度、空间结构及与2端连接位点的不同选择均会影响其作用效率[52]

3.1.2 PROTACs与乳腺癌

PROTACs通过不同机制实现对病理状态蛋白质或RNA的选择性降解。这些技术能够有效靶向传统药物开发中难以攻克的靶点,如特定转录因子和非编码RNA等。

ARV-471是针对ER的一种PROTAC,用于治疗ER+/HER-2-的晚期或转移性乳腺癌,临床前数据[53-54]显示:该药物在低剂量(30~700 mg)范围内对ER的降解率高达89%。相比传统小分子抑制剂,ARV-471减少了药物剂量需求及潜在的不良反应[55-56]。ERD-148被开发用来降解ERα的磷酸化和非磷酸化形式,与传统的选择性ER调节剂(selective ER degrader,SERD)药物氟维司群相比,ERD-148等靶向ERα的PROTACs通过更完全地降解磷酸化和非磷酸化的ERα,可更有效地阻止雌激素信号的传递。特别是在对氟维司群产生抗性的乳腺癌细胞株中,ERD-148表现出更显著的生长抑制作用[56-57]

周期蛋白依赖激酶9(cyclin-dependent kinase 9,CDK9)在转录调控中的作用对于HER-2阳性乳腺癌的生长至关重要,THAL-SNS-032通过促进CDK9的降解,抑制肿瘤细胞的转录活动,从而阻断肿瘤生长信号的传递[58]。CDK4/6是细胞周期的关键调控蛋白质,其通过磷酸化视网膜母细胞瘤蛋白[Rb(retinobla-stoma)蛋白]来推动细胞周期进程,PROTACs通过促进CDK4/6蛋白泛素化和蛋白酶体的降解来抑制其活性,从而阻断肿瘤细胞周期的进展,同时有助于恢复Rb蛋白的肿瘤抑制功能,进一步阻止肿瘤细胞通过G1期向S期过渡,导致细胞周期停滞[59]。选择性降解CDK1/4和热激蛋白(heat shock protein,HSP)家族成员葡萄糖调节蛋白94(glucose regulated protein 94,GRP94)的PROTAC分子(如compound 6a),在体外和体内模型中均表现出显著的抗肿瘤活性,尤其对TNBC细胞4T1效果显著。这些蛋白质在调节细胞周期及肿瘤细胞的应激反应和生存中均发挥重要作用[60]。HSP90α作为HSP90的主要亚型,与乳腺癌的侵袭性呈正相关,促进肿瘤细胞的迁移和转移。传统的HSP90抑制剂由于毒性高而应用受限,而PROTACs分子X10g通过选择性降解HSP90α,减少了对正常细胞的影响和毒副作用[61]

TNBC中与疾病的预后相关的组蛋白去乙酰化酶8(histone deacetylase 8,HDAC8)表达水平明显上调。通过PROTACs技术开发的HDAC8降解诱导剂CT-4可以通过Akt/糖原合成酶激酶3β(glycogen synthase kinase-3beta,GSK-3β)/Snail信号通路抑制TNBC细胞的迁移[62]。针对转录因子c-MYC开发的基于硫代核糖核酸(threose nucleic acid,TNA)和DNA的二价结合剂,通过与E3泛素连接酶配体泊马度胺(pomalidomide)的结合,形成了高亲和力和生物稳定性的c-MYC靶向PROTACs偶联物—TEP(TNA-E box-pomalidomide)。TEP通过泛素蛋白酶体途径介导c-MYC及其异源二聚体c-Max(c-MYC‑associated factor X)的降解,从而抑制TNBC细胞的增殖,并增强其对CDK4/6抑制剂帕博西尼的敏感性[63]。MZ1和ARV-825等PROTACs分子在体外和体内TNBC模型中均展现出显著的抗肿瘤活性[64]。含溴结构域蛋白4/含Jumonji结构域蛋白6(bromodomain‑containing protein 4/Jumonji domain‑containing protein 6,BRD4/JMJD6)是一组驱动致癌基因表达的转录复合物,使用PROTACs修饰的TAT-PiET-PROTACs能够有效抑制BRD4/JMJD6靶基因的表达和乳腺癌细胞的生长[65]。在TP53频繁失活的TNBC中,靶向降解E3泛素-蛋白连接酶MDM2的PROTACs(YX-02-030)和GAA-PROTACs能够在不依赖TP53的情况下激活肿瘤抑制因子TAp73,诱导TNBC细胞的死亡[60, 66-67]

3.1.3 PROTACs与其他疾病

约有40%经ARV-110治疗后的前列腺癌患者的前列腺特异性抗原(prostate specific antigen,PSA)水平下降超过50%[50, 53-54]。PROTAC分子ARCC-4以低浓度、高效率的特点抑制前列腺肿瘤细胞的增殖,有效降解导致AR拮抗剂恩杂鲁胺耐药的AR点突变体(H874 Y,M896 V,T877 A,L702 H)[68]。此外,靶向BRD4的结构域和末端外结构域的PROTACs分子ARV-771也被广泛应用于急性髓系白血病、多发性骨髓瘤、套细胞淋巴瘤等疾病的治疗[69-70]。这提示PROTACs在BET蛋白所介导的其他疾病(如炎症性疾病和急性心力衰竭)中也有可能成为一种有吸引力的药物发现方法[71]

PROTACs在非肿瘤疾病中同样展示出巨大的治疗潜力。多聚谷氨酸、β-淀粉样蛋白、微管相关蛋白Tau(microtubule-associated protein Tau,MAPT)和 α-突触核蛋白等蛋白质的错误折叠形成蛋白质聚集体是神经退行性变性疾病的主要致病因素,这导致了传统的小分子药物无法对其进行靶向干预。而PROTACs通过选择性地降解α-突触核蛋白,减少其聚集,进而减轻神经毒性,这不仅减少了细胞内的有害蛋白质积累,还阻止了有害蛋白质在细胞间传播[72]。在炎症性疾病的研究[73]中,有团队合成了3种靶向环孢菌素A(cyclophilin A,CypA)的PROTACs分子(Comp-K、Comp-L和Comp-M),发现它们能够以浓度依赖和时间依赖的方式通过增强CypA的K48位点泛素化并招募E3连接酶显著降解CypA,降解效率最高可达90%以上;同时抑制了与CypA相关的核因子κB(nuclear factor-kappa B,NF-κB)炎症信号通路,下调白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-1β、肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)-α等促炎因子的表达水平。PROTACs分子HD-TAC7则表现出对组蛋白去乙酰化酶3(histone deacetylase 3,HDAC3)的高效降解作用,HDAC3在炎症性疾病(如哮喘和慢性阻塞性肺病)中发挥重要作用,抑制HDAC3的活性可以干预这些疾病的炎症过程[74]

总之,PROTACs技术开发以来,已成功实现对超过30种包括核受体、蛋白激酶、间变性淋巴瘤激酶、转录调节蛋白、调节蛋白、神经退行性变性疾病相关蛋白、细胞代谢酶等在内的对疾病发展至关重要的不可成药蛋白质的技术靶向降解[75]。PROTACs通过靶向特定蛋白质的降解,有效调控肿瘤、心血管疾病、神经退行性变性疾病的关键生物学过程。未来,PROTACs有望成为这些疾病的创新性药物开发平台。

3.2 RIBOTACs

3.2.1 工作原理

RIBOTACs,也称为RNA-PROTACs,由3个主要部分组成:一端为靶向RNA的小分子或寡核苷酸配体;另一端为E3连接酶的配体;二者之间通过一个化学连接链共价连接。RIBOTACs的作用机制类似于PROTACs,但其靶向的是RNA分子而非蛋白质。当RIBOTACs进入细胞后,其RNA配体特异性与目标RNA结合,而E3连接酶配体与细胞内的E3连接酶结合,形成一个三元复合体[76]。该复合体通过E3连接酶介导的泛素化过程将标记附着于目标RNA,从而激活内源性核糖核酸酶L(ribonuclease L,RNase L)切割并降解目标RNA。当目标RNA被降解,RIBOTACs可以解离并重新结合到另一个相同的RNA分子上,继续利用细胞内源性的核酸降解机制介导其降解(图2)。RIBOTACs可以通过这种方式高效并持续地减少目标RNA的表达水平[77]。几乎所有组织类型中均含有RNase L,使得RIBOTACs可以广泛适用于多种细胞类型,增加了其可靶向的疾病相关RNA结构。此外,由于RNase L是一种核糖核酸内切酶,能够在RNA序列的中间进行切割,通过精确控制RNase L的活性可以靶向目标RNA结构上的任何位置,从而使得RIBOTACs能够在细胞内实现高度特异的RNA降解[78]

3.2.2 RIBOTACs与乳腺癌

RIBOTACs通过靶向特定致癌RNA并诱导其降解,从而抑制肿瘤相关基因的表达,为难治性和抗药性乳腺癌提供了一种新型的精准治疗策略。Costales等[8]将靶向miR-96的小分子与RNase L的配体连接合成RIBOTACs分子(如compounds 2)。该分子通过选择性抑制miR-96上调促凋亡转录因子FOXO1的表达,选择性地触发TNBC细胞凋亡,而避免损伤正常乳腺细胞。RNA剪接是真核生物基因表达的关键调控环节,核心是将pre-mRNA切除内含子、连接外显子形成成熟mRNA,异常剪接的发生通过调控关键基因影响TNBC的恶性表型[79]。Costales等[80]设计了靶向microRNA-21前体(pre-miR-21)的RIBOTACs分子(即compounds 5)。该分子可募集并激活核糖核酸酶而促进pre-miR-21降解,从而抑制乳腺癌肺转移。RIBOTACs分子TGP-210-RL也被用于靶向与低氧状态相关的microRNA-210前体 (pre-miR-210),实现了在低氧条件下对乳腺癌细胞生存和侵袭能力的抑制作用[81]。此外,属于microRNA 17-92簇的miR-17、miR-18a和miR-20a,通过激活PI3K/Akt和MAPK信号通路,促进乳腺癌、肺癌和胶质母细胞瘤的发展和转移。Liu等[82]利用RIBOTACs技术开发了靶向这一簇microRNA的结构靶向配体(即2-bleomycin A5 conjugate),实现了microRNA的直接降解,而非仅仅抑制其功能,并成功抑制了乳腺癌和前列腺癌细胞的增殖。

3.2.3 RIBOTACs与其他疾病

RIBOTACs技术也被应用于抗病毒药物研发,并在应对全球流行的,严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2)中发挥作用。帧移元素(frameshifting element,FSE)是SARS-CoV-2 RNA基因组的组成部分,它对于病毒复制和致病所必需的多聚蛋白质的形成至关重要。研究人员研发的C5-RIBOTAC可通过抑制FSE的移码反应中断病毒复制过程,进而限制SARS-CoV-2在宿主体内的传播[76, 83]。此外,在帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease,PD)等神经系统疾病, α-突触核蛋白由于缺乏小分子结合位点而难以靶向,于是Matthew团队[84]设计了一种特异性靶向降解α-突触核蛋白编码基因(synuclein α,SNCA)的RIBOTAC分子—Syn-RIBOTACs,该分子在人类多巴胺能神经母细胞瘤细胞系,以及PD患者的诱导多能干细胞(induced pluripotent stem cells,iPSC)分化的多巴胺能神经元等模型中显著降低了α-突触核蛋白的表达水平。这表明直接靶向致病性RNA可能是治疗PD及其他疾病的潜在治疗途径。

4 结 语

PROTACs和RIBOTACs等靶向嵌合体技术通过靶向蛋白质或RNA的降解,而非单纯抑制其功能,使传统上难以“药化”的靶点变得可靶向。这种技术的高选择性和直接靶向作用提供了一种比传统小分子抑制剂更为彻底的治疗方法,同时扩展了药物靶点范围。此外,其精准降解特性能够有效避免传统小分子药物带来的不良反应,并通过低剂量实现高疗效,有助于减少对健康细胞的负面影响,提高治疗的安全性。针对那些通过突变逃避传统药物抑制的靶点,靶向嵌合体技术直接清除致病蛋白质或RNA,为克服抗药性提供了新策略。

PROTACs在肿瘤机制研究与靶向药物研发中展现出巨大潜力。目前,研究者通常将E3泛素连接酶与小分子抑制剂结合,构建PROTACs分子,探索其抑制肿瘤的可能性。同时,通过提升PROTACs分子水溶性、口服吸收效果的方法,改善PROTACs作用环境。RIBOTACs涉及复杂的分子设计,需要精确的RNA识别和高效的核糖核酸酶招募。与许多基于核酸的治疗策略类似,RIBOTACs分子的递送效率和稳定性仍存在挑战,如何将这些分子传递到目标细胞并进入细胞核,是药物开发的关键问题。目前,该类技术的长期治疗效果和潜在的安全性问题尚不明确,需要进一步的临床试验来验证。

靶向嵌合体技术通过高效且选择性地降解疾病相关蛋白质或RNA分子,为传统药物难以干预的疾病提供了新的靶点和策略,特别是在肿瘤、病毒和神经系统疾病的治疗中。尽管目前多数研究仍处于临床前或早期临床阶段,但根据已有成果表明,PROTACs和RIBOTACs在乳腺癌治疗中展现出显著的应用前景。未来,将这项新技术与免疫治疗、化疗等现有治疗方法结合,可能为乳腺癌患者提供更有效的治疗方案。此外,靶向嵌合体技术目前主要聚焦于不可成药的单个蛋白质或RNA,但随着研究方向的进展,未来可能针对lncRNA、环状RNA以及某些蛋白质复合物等难以靶向的分子设计降解剂,通过靶向这些新型靶点,靶向嵌合体技术有望进一步拓展其应用领域。同时,设计能够同时靶向多种分子或信号通路的嵌合体,为涉及多信号通路的复杂疾病提供联合治疗方案,可能显著提升治疗效果。

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基金资助

广东省基础与应用基础研究基金(2023A1515030061┫。This work was supported by the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation, China)

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